Search results

1

Gold mining in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, from the New Kingom to medieval times: new insight from the Samut district

100%

Redon B., Marchand J., Faucher T.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2020

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vol. 29(1)

EN

Gold was plentiful in Egypt and had been used by the Pharaohs from earliest times as a means of asserting their power. But the history and archaeology of the mining and production of the Egyptian gold is a lot less known than the splendour of the country’s kings. Between 2013 and 2016, the French Eastern desert mission aimed to fill in these gaps in our knowledge through the excavation of the gold mining district of Samut, located between Edfu and Marsa Alam. It hosts one of the largest Ptolemaic mineral processing site of the region, Samut north. The excellent preservation of the remains made possible, for the first time, a comparison between archaeological remains and the well-known treatise of Agatharchides of Cnidus exposing the awful conditions of living in the gold mines of the Ptolemies. Besides, three other sites were explored: the impressive village of Samut el-Beda, dated to the New Kingdom, and two small villages of medieval times. In all the sites structures and artifacts related to the gold processing were unearthed, that held crucial data on the technological and organizational evolution of the gold exploitation over more than two millennia in the Eastern desert.

2

GÓRNICZE MIEJSCA PAMIĘCI JAKO TWORZYWO DO OPRACOWANIA TEMATYCZNEGO SZLAKU KULTUROWEGO W PRZESTRZENI RUDY ŚLĄSKIEJ

84%

ŚWITAŁA-TRYBEK D.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja

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2019

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vol. 1(23)

133-150

PL

Dramatyczne wydarzenia, w których jednorazowo ginie większa liczba osób, pozostawiają po sobie materialne ślady w postaci obiektów architektonicznych: pomników, tablic pamiątkowych, krzyży, a także kaplic. Nie inaczej jest w przypadku katastrof górniczych. Miejsc upamiętniających tragicznie zmarłych w kopalniach węgla kamiennego w krajobrazie osiedli górniczych i pogórniczych jest bardzo wiele. Przedmiotem artykułu są miejsca pamięci nieszczęśliwych wydarzeń w kopalniach na obszarze Rudy Śląskiej, które powstały od połowy XIX wieku po współczesność. Ze względu na liczne przykłady ich występowania (pomniki, mogiły zbiorowe, małe obiekty sakralne) mogą one stanowić interesujące tworzywo do opracowania szlaku turystyczno-kulturowego „Rudzkie miejsca pamięci górniczego trudu”. Podstawą niniejszego opracowania są materiały zebrane przez autorkę podczas badań terenowych prowadzonych od 2006 roku (rejestracja obiektów pamięci), a także kwerenda archiwaliów oraz dostępna na ten temat literatura przedmiotu.

EN

Dramatic events, where a lot of people die at once, leave behind material traces in the form of architectural objects: monuments, commemorative plaques, crosses, and chapels. This is true also in the case of mining accidents. There are many memorial sites commemorating the victims of accidents in coal mines in the landscape of mining and post-mining settlements. This article focuses on memorial sites devoted to unfortunate events that happened in mines in the area of Ruda Śląska, established from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Due to numerous occurrences (monuments, mass graves, small sacral objects), they may provide interesting material for the development of a tourist and cultural trail “Miner’s toll memorial sites in the area of Ruda Śląska”. The basis of this study are materials gathered by the Author during field studies carried out since 2006 (registration of memorial sites), as well as a query of archives and available literature.

3

Miernicze i kartograficzne dowody w sporze o kopalnię w Sierczy

84%

Kuc W.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2017

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vol. 32

70-117

EN

Most likely the first accurate representation of the workings of the private mine of the magnates performed after its closing was made Borlach with the map of 1719. The situation there depicted was later reproduced on plans published after 1743, and also appeared on the engravings of Nilson. With the passage of time, however, the mine in Siercza has failed to hold the interest of mine cartographers. Its workings are depicted in fragments during preparation of the maps of the Janińskie Mountains, and in collections of maps. Jan Gotfryd Borlach came to the saltworks towards the end of the 1717. The Saxon took the position of the mine surveyor, but quickly gained additional reputation as a gifted mechanic and constructor. His insistence on always preparing the required documentation for each of his undertakings in the mine, i.e. maps, left a lasting impact on the mine operations. The decision of the Saltworks management, following the financial problems of previous decades, to make use of the knowledge and experience of the modern-thinking and well-rounded specialist in surveying and cartography likewise proved to be fruitful. Borlach himself would take measurements in the mine between years 1718-23. From that point onwards, surveying and cartography became an integral and essential part of mine operations. The work of surveyors became more involved than just assemble compilations of maps. One of the last such cartographic works are probably the copperplate engravings of Nilson from 1766/68. With the arrival of J. G. Borlach, partial cartographic expressions start appearing, basing on level maps – i.e. the so-called operation schedules. Such schedules facilitated easier solutions to specific problems related to drainage, ventilation, transportation, etc. Soon after, cartography started to look towards registering geological formations of the deposits.

4

Służbowo i prywatnie. znani i nieznani goście w bocheńskiej Żupie Solnej (do 1995 r.)

84%

Wszołek P.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

291-335

EN

This is the first academic study of this type pertaining to the history of tourist traffic in the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. In contrast to the Wieliczka Salt Mine, no general academic or popular science studies have been prepared with respect to this issue to date. Prior works devoted to the Bochnia Salt Mine did not deal with this issue. The objective of this article is an attempt at describing, throughout the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine, the gradual process of emergence and development of tourist traffic. The author of the work makes use of the existing manuscripts and printed sources, along with academic studies devoted directly or indirectly to the subject matter pertaining to the content of the article. Interviews conducted with the present and retired employees of the Bochnia Salt Mine also turned out to be helpful, both directors and traffic supervision employees, as well as persons directly involved in the tourist traffic servicing. Thanks to this, the gaps existing in the source materials and academic or popular science studies pertaining to the subject matter of the study were supplemented or filled. The history of tourist traffic described in the article was closely related to the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The reader is going to find out that this process was not easy, whereas its history is replete with obstacles and threats during various stages of development, including a complete disappearance of tourist activity, which was finally reinstated and which has been pursued to date. Therefore, the issue deserves a detailed study. In medieval sources, it is possible to find traces of princes’ and kings’ (and their officials’) stays in the mine. Such visits were purely official. Their objective was direct or indirect control over all aspects of operation of the subordinate enterprise. Visits of representatives of commerce and handicraft in the Bochnia Salt Mine, whose enterprises were closely and durably related to the current operation of the mine, had a more “economic” character The situation was similar with holders of permits and privileges from the group of contemporary wealthy people, both clerics and secular. The ongoing necessity of taking care of their economic interest was the most important for this group. Sources between the 16th and the 18th century offer new data. New categories of guests supplemented the above list of visitors in the Bochnia Salt Mine. The first one includes various travellers who, in their accounts or descriptions, offer the first experiences accompanying visits in the underground section of the mine. Another category are poets. Their works, preserved in the modern times, have a similar character, yet by their nature they are more filled with emotions. Therefore, all these authors were, in a certain way, “pioneers” – the first tourists in the modern sense of the word. The third category includes representatives of science, testifying to the growing interest in the Bochnia Salt Mine from a scientific perspective. They also form a part of the previously described group of travellers, who were testing their talents in the new area. These were predominantly people connected to the Bochnia Salt Mine who implemented their ideas, plans and intentions for its benefit. There was also yet another special category – the so-called “unwanted guests.” This group includes both “locals” and “foreigners”, whose activities had an adverse impact on the situation of the Bochnia Salt Mine. At the end of the 18th century, a certain fundamental change occurred in the above-described group of “guests” at the Bochnia Salt Mine. The owner of the mine changed – the Polish king was replaced by the Austrian emperor and royal officials were substituted by the imperial bureaucratic apparatus. Simultaneous abolishment of former permits and privileges resulted in absence of visits of clerics and lay people. What is more, the former system of connections of the mine with trade and municipal handicraft also ceased to exist. Representatives of such professions disappeared almost completely from the area of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The 19th century, especially its second half, brought development of initially disorganised tourist traffic in the form of individual and collective groups. Visits in the mine, hitherto a privilege reserved for the chosen few, suddenly became a very fashionable pastime for a broader group of people. This situation was intensified by development of communication and dissemination of press information, as well as popularity of local sightseeing associations. Such groups included local people, as well as guests from other countries, officials, teachers, clerics, military men, young people and children. The number of descriptions and travellers’ accounts, resulting from visits in the underground pits of the Bochnia Salt Mine, also soared. The Bochnia Salt Mine has become a more attractive place for the conduct of scientific studies by outstanding researchers and specialists from various areas of knowledge. The Bochnia Salt Mine was also a venue for didactic activities for the future practitioners of science, who pursued classes, internships and professional practice here. However, the described century and the beginning of the 20th century were not free from negative activities and decisions of the group known from earlier centuries as the “unwanted guests.” The inter-war period was a time of constant struggle with the governmental plans of liquidation of the Bochnia Salt Mine. In spite of the difficult situation, the unorganised tourist traffic of numerous groups and individuals (from the country and abroad) continued to flourish in the mine. The mine was also visited by scientists and young graduates who were acquiring the necessary knowledge and professional skills. What is more, middle school pupils and college students followed the example of their senior friends and attended special classes in the mine and visited it as part of activities of school sightseeing groups. It is also worth remembering that the outbreak of WWII halted the plans of establishing a sanatorium at the Bochnia Salt Mine. The period of Nazi occupation brought an end to popular visits in the Bochnia Salt Mine. At this time, the mine was only open for German people – ordinary citizens and military men. However, traces of stay of Polish people in the mine from this period have also been preserved – obviously, such visits were only possible upon the approval of the occupation authorities. Throughout the communist period, the idea of making the Bochnia Salt Mine available for tourists was not popular and it resurfaced only in the form of sporadic initiatives. In the 1950s, a visit in the mine formed a part of subsequent historical anniversaries celebrated in the city and the local saltworks. Similar initiatives, even though planned, were not implemented in the 1960s - they were going to form a part of the celebrations of the 1,000th anniversary of the Polish state. Nevertheless, plans pertaining to the visits in the Bochnia Salt Mine in the 1970s were successful – they were included in the extensive programme of the “Days of Bochnia” inaugurated at that time. The last activity in the described period took place in the 1980s, when sightseeing in the mine was included in the celebrations of another historical anniversary of the city. The 1980s were also a time of clear increased interest in the Bochnia Salt Mine as a historical facility. Inclusion of the most valuable pits and surface development of the mine in the list of national monuments definitely contributed to it. Simultaneously, next to the gradual process of limiting the industrial operation of the mine, former plans of establishing a sanatorium were brought back. This very difficult process of building a tourist and spa centre commenced at that time was halted by the political transformations of 1989. After 1990, it was continued for a long time until the middle of the 1990s. The author of the work adopted the year 1995 as the end for the study; it constitutes the opening of a completely new chapter in the history of the Bochnia Salt Mine. The unorganised tourist traffic was provided with durable legal and organisational framework in the form of a newly-established entity: Uzdrowisko Kopalnia Soli Bochnia Sp. z o.o. Between 1995 and 2014, the company has been servicing numerous groups of tourists and patients who come to the Bochnia Salt Mine every year. Traditional sightseeing in the historical mining pits has been gradually supplemented by educational, health and entertainment activities. In 2014, “Kopalnia Soli Bochnia Sp. z o.o.” took over the organisation and servicing of the tourist traffic, continuing the long-term tradition of the Bochnia Salt Mine in this respect.

5

Kopalnia jako miejsce wykonywania pracy górniczej uprawniającej do emerytury górniczej

84%

Radecki G.

Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska

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2017

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issue 2

59-77

EN

The Act of 17 December 1998 r. on old-age pensions and disability pensions from the Social Insurance Fund provides for mining old-age pension awarded under the preferential rules. Namely some miners have right to retire before the statutory retirement age, especially in case they are employed in mines of kinds specified by statute. The paper considers the notion of “mine” with regard to Act of 9 June 2011 — the mining and geological law, particularly regulation concerning concession for exploitation of minerals from deposits and mining plants. The prescriptions of the latter Act, which refer to liquidation of mining plants, as well as the Act of 7 September 2007 on functioning of the mining industry, must be taken into account to answer a question when the mine becomes inactive.

RU

Закон от 17 декабря 1998 г. «О пенсиях с Фонда социального страхования» предусматривает горную пенсию на преференциальных условиях. Некоторые шахтёры приобретают право на пенсию перед достижением законного пенсионного возраста, в частности когда работают в одним из типов шахт указанных в законе. В статьи анализируется понятие шахты с учётом закона от 9 июня 2011 г. «Геологическое и горное право», особенно норм касающихся лицензии на добычу полезных ископаемых из месторождении, а также горных предприятии. Как положения этого закона относительно ликвидации горного предприятия, так и закона от 7 сентября 2007 г. «О функционировании горного дела каменного угля» надо учитывать, чтобы ответить на вопрос, когда шахта превращается в недействующую шахту.

6

Battle for Silver: Srebrenica Between Bosnian Kings and Serbian Despots in the 15th Century

84%

Dedić E.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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2022

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issue 1

18-42

EN

Mutual relations between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Serbian Despotate can be observed in the period between 1402, when Prince Stefan Lazarević received the title of despot from John VII Palaeologus, until the Ottoman conquest of the Despotate in 1459. The most significant conflicts between Bosnian rulers and nobles with Serbian despots were fought over the rich Srebrenica silver mine. This town, with the fortress of Srebrenik, was located in the Middle Podrinje region, near the river Drina, which in this area represented the border between the two countries. The stronger economic rise of Srebrenica was followed during the 14th century when it gradually developed and became one of the most important mines in Southeast Europe. The seeds of the conflict around Srebrenica were sown by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The Hungarian king first managed to get Srebrenica for himself, and then in the period 1411–1413, he handed it over to his vassal, despot Stefan. From this time until the end of the existence of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, Srebrenica changed its owner several times. Bosnian kings, nobles, and Serbian despots took part in the conflicts around Srebrenica, and in certain periods specific agreements were established regarding the ownership of this place, which brought in large revenues. A solid number of sources about Srebrenica have been preserved in the State Archives in Dubrovnik due to the fact that the Ragusan merchants and craftsmen saw great economic potential in this place and established a large colony. The interests of the Ragusan authorities were moving in the direction of obtaining timely information from this place, and they often sent delegations to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the local authorities regarding the status of their citizens in this place.

7

Likwidacja Zakładów Górniczych „Lena” w Wilkowie

84%

Rybicka K.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

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2019

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issue 2 (22)

70-84

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie procesu likwidacji Zakładów Górniczych ,,Lena” w Wilkowie koło Złotoryi. Zostały one utworzone w miejscu przedwojennej niemieckiej kopalni. Pierwszą rudę w Polsce uzyskano w 1950 roku i nieprzerwanie kontynuowano eksploatację złoża przez kolejne dwadzieścia cztery lata – do 1973 roku. W pracy wymieniono czynniki, które doprowadziły do zamknięcia tej jednostki gospodarczej, oraz ich następstwa wpływające na miejscową ludność. Ponadto omówiono charakter kopalni, typ złoża, infrastrukturę, problem odpływu wykwalifikowanej kadry pracowniczej, dysproporcje płacowe oraz trudności związane z dojazdem do pracy. Opisano przebieg postępowania wygaszającego zakład – od chwili wydania decyzji, przez rozbiórkę zaplecza maszynowego, zatapianie kopalni, sprzedaż środków obrotowych i trwałych, aż do momentu uruchomienia nowego przedsiębiorstwa.

EN

The goal of this article is to present the process of liquidation of the “Lena” mining plant in Wilków near Złotoryja. It was created in the place of a pre-war German mine. The first ore in Poland was obtained in 1950 and the exploitation of the deposit continued for the next twenty-four years until 1973. The paper lists the factors which led to the closure of this economic unit and their consequences for the local population. In addition, the article discusses the nature of the mine, the type of deposit, infrastructure, the problem of the outflow of qualified staff, wage disparity and difficulties related to commuting. It also describes the course of the proceedings of the phased closure of the plant, from the moment of the decision, through the demolition of the machine facilities, dumping the mine, sale of current and fixed assets, until the start-up of a new company.

8

HAŁDY POPRZEMYSŁOWE – ICH KULTUROWY I TURYSTYCZNY POTENCJAŁ (NA PRZYKŁADZIE WYBRANYCH OBIEKTÓW W WOJEWÓDZTWIE ŚLĄSKIM)

67%

ŚWITAŁA-TRYBEK D., ŚWITAŁA-MASTALERZ J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja

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2018

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vol. 2(22)

125-141

PL

Hałdy należą do antropogenicznych form ukształtowanych przez człowieka, kojarzone są przede wszystkim z degradacją środowiska przyrodniczego. Materiał na nich składowany (skały, żużel, popiół) związany jest głównie z przemysłem wydobywczym, hutniczym i energetycznym. Na terenie województwa śląskiego takich obiektów jest najwięcej w kraju, co ma bezpośredni związek z intensywną industrializacją i urbanizacją tego obszaru od połowy XIX wieku. Współcześnie, choć wiele z nich zmieniło swój wygląd (zostały poddane procesom rekultywacji), nadal – obok szybów kopalnianych – są rozpoznawalnym symbolem tego regionu. W artykule autorka zawraca uwagę na kulturowe znaczenie hałd poprzemysłowych na przestrzeni ostatniego wieku (symboliczne nośniki, obiekty współtworzące przestrzeń architektoniczną, miejsca rekreacji, dodatkowego zarobkowania, źródło artystycznych inspiracji) oraz ich potencjał w zakresie wykorzystania w turystyce (np. industrialnej, górniczej, przyrodniczej, rowerowej, ekstremalnej itd.).

EN

Waste heaps belong to anthropogenic landforms; they are mainly associated with degradation of the natural environment. The material accumulated there (rocks, slag, ash) is mainly associated with the mining, metallurgy and energy industries. In Poland most of them is located in the Silesian province, which is directly related to the intensive industrialization and urbanization of this area since the mid-nineteenth century. Although many of them have changed their appearance (have undergone reclamation processes), today they are still - alongside mine shafts - a recognizable symbol of the region. In the article, the author draws attention to the cultural significance of postindustrial waste heaps over the last century (symbolic areas, landforms co-creating architectural space, places used for recreation and obtaining additional income, a source of artistic inspirations) and their potential in tourism (e.g. industrial, mining, natural, cycling, extreme, etc.).

9

Kołowe środki transportu kopalnianego zarys problematyki

67%

Wierzbicki R.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

209-226

EN

In the initial period of operation of the Wieliczka Salt Mine, simple means of transport, such as trays or baskets were used for horizontal transport from the place of underground extraction to the shaft. In the course of time, growing distance from the shaft and the necessity of increasing efficiency led to a search for more appropriate means of transport, which would simultaneously consume less energy, produced directly by the power of human muscles. One of such new solutions whose beginnings are hidden in the murkiness of history, are the so-called “mine dogs.” It may be assumed that such carts were used already in the 2nd half of the 16th century in German mines, as at that time the name appeared for the first time in the work of G. Agricola, “De Re Metallica” of 1556. The author notes that during transport (especially on turns), the carts produced sounds that resembled dog barking. However, there is also a theory according to which the name, in German sounding as “Hund”, was pronounced and written with “t” at the end in the mining dialect for the purpose of its differentiation from the house animal, derives from the Slovakian word “hyntow” which denotes a cart; nevertheless, the accurate meaning of “hyntow” is a carriage or a coach. This hypothesis seems to be much less probable. Irrespective of the fact which theory of origin of the cart is deemed true, these were mainly means of horizontal transport, used to move the output from the place of extraction to the extraction shaft. In the course of time, the distances underground were greater and thence the need of applying more modern means, enabling transport of greater loads with the use of lesser power. Such carts were used in shaft transport to bring powder salt and smaller blocks of salt (which could fit in the loading chest) to the surface. It turns out that not only the origin of the name of this means of transport is a certain oddity and an mystery. The structure of carts has also not been fully explained. In his flagship work Agricola indicates that a “dog” is a cart in the shape of a chest on a chassis with two pairs of wheels. He overlooks a “minor detail”, i.e. the fact that the wheels had to be larger at the back and smaller at the front, so that the inclination of the cart to the front offered a possibility of moving it with the use of lesser force. It also has to be noted that the description features a clear determination that the cart was in the form of a chest. Such a structure of the carts known as “dogs” is also confirmed by other authors of former mining dictionaries or studies devoted to the history of mining and mining technology. Several modern studies or Internet publications feature an abbreviated version of the definition of the “dog” as a cart consisting of a transport platform on a four-wheel chassis. This name is currently also applied to the carts used to transport furniture, large musical instruments or goods in warehouses. This is the situation today, yet what is its reference to the carts used in the Wieliczka mines at the end of the 18th or throughout the 19th century? The display of Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka features chest carts known as “dogs” according to the original definition and carts… well, what name should be used for carts consisting of a transport platform typical for “dog” carts on a four-wheel chassis, yet without a chest, having only wooden stops preventing the load from falling off? In the Polish literature, there is a skillful differentiation between a “chest-cart” and a “dog-cart.” However, taking into account the fact that the “chest-cart” means a “dog”, we are dealing with a reversal of terms, as a chest on a four-wheel chassis may be called a dog, and a cart without a chest would have to be called “a cart on a dog chassis.” The objective of this article is to elaborate on and to clarify issue related to the exhibits known as “mine dogs” or “Hungarian dogs” featured in the collections of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. Has the issue been explained or just the opposite, has it been made even more muddled? This should be evaluated by the readers, especially those who are interested in this subject matter.

10

Uwarunkowania historyczne i prawno–organizacyjne górniczo–konserwatorskiego zabezpieczania zabytkowych wyrobisk Kopalni Bocheńskiej

67%

Charkot J.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 31

119-150

EN

The objective of this article is to present hitherto accomplishments in the area of protection of the mine understood as a monument in a legal sense. They are presented in reference to securing activities in the mine, effected throughout the history of its functioning. These issues have not been presented in a synthetic manner so far. The basic source material for the study was information accumulated in the course of documentation work conducted by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka (in cooperation with engineers and technical employees from the Bochnia Salt Mine) underground. The manner of presentation of issues discussed in the study derives from an analogous article pertaining to the Wieliczka Salt Mine, presented in volume XXIII of this yearbook. The necessity of securing the mining pits in the Bochnia Salt Mine has been apparent since the very beginning of its commercial operation. Various solutions were applied, frequently quite untypical, adjusted to the specific geological structure of the deposit. The basic material was wood, used to line the rising headings, as well as drifts in the weak rock mass. Extensive chambers were propped up with support columns, usually filled with mining spoil and contaminated salt types. The specific nature of the Bochnia Salt Mine was that the support columns were constructed of thin alder and birch trunks. Support columns made of thick pine, spruce or fir wood were rarely used. Some of the selected areas were liquidated by being completely filled with waste rocks and post-production waste. Smaller of them, left without any means of protection, were completely clamped after several centuries. The original form of securing the chambers from the progressing destruction was leaving them at the edge of a thin salt shell. Until the 18th century, transport routes were designated in some of them via lining or support columns, which connected exploitation areas located on various depths. Conservation work in the legal sense began only after inclusion of the mine in the list of monuments in 1981, even though some of the projects undertaken earlier had this objective in mind, especially in the underground chapels. Mining and conservation work is performed in a zone included under protection, i.e. on levels from I to IX, in most valuable mining pits, selected on the basis of substantive criteria with respect to the values of the mining pits. The selection was made by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka on the basis of materials accumulated during the systematic scientific and technical stock-taking conducted in the 1970s and 1980s; the list was approved by the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków. It includes 65 chambers, 112 drifts, 3 shafts and 4 fore-shafts. Furthermore, the most valuable regions of the mine with respect to natural assets were encompassed by a detailed stocktaking in 2005 and subjected to additional legal protection on the basis of the Nature Conservation Act in the form of 27 documentation sites. The conservation authorities have also formulated guidelines pertaining to the procedure of preparing and performing work in the historical pits. The starting point is preparation of a historical and conservation study and subsequently a technical design relying on its recommendations. On this basis, permits are issued for the conduct of work in protected shafts, chambers and drifts. Direct supervision over the performance of work until 1999 was the obligation of the Province Monument Conservator in Tarnów, and later the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków and, since 2016, the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. The basic source of financing for the conservation projects are funds deriving from the state budget, which may be formally assigned for such a purpose since 2000. Earlier (since 1991) they were fully assigned to liquidation work. As of 2000, funds assigned for specific projects from the National Environmental Protection and Water Management Fund constitute a significant supplement for the financing. Relatively small funds are also generated by the tourist and spa activities pursued since 1995. The majority of mining and conservation work was performed by the mining team of the Bochnia Salt Mine. Tasks calling for specialist equipment and special qualifications of employees were commissioned from external companies. The basic part of the work was concentrated on levels from I to IV, in mining pits that are the most valuable with respect to the presented historical values. The speed of work gained momentum after the mine was classified as the monument of history (2000). Initially, the work focused on securing pits that are assigned for being made available to tourists on level IV, i.e. the August Chamber, and on level VI: the Sienkiewicz Chamber and the Dobosz Inter-level. As a result of them, in 1995 the conditions in the mine allowed for admission of organised groups to the mine for the first time in history. Later, work was conducted in drifts and chambers assigned for thematically oriented exhibitions. In the first period, the greatest mining and conservation projects included securing the central part of the August Drift, along with adjoining corridors and the extensive Ważyn Chamber. Its adjustment to perform recreational and sanatorium-type functions required a lot of effort. In the second stage, work performed in the complex of mining pits called Zejście Kalwaria, spreading from level I Danielowiec to level IV August, was of great importance, as well as work at eleven sections of Regis Stairs connecting these levels. It is also necessary to mention professional conservation of the 18th century Passionis Chamber and opening the 17th century Krucyfiks Chamber for tourists. Performance of mining and conservation work has acquired a special rank and should be an absolute priority after inclusion of the Salt Mine in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2013.

11

Religijność jako jeden z elementów dziedzictwa kulturowego górniczej Wieliczki

67%

Stabrawa-Powęska K.

Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce

|

2020

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vol. 34

182-235

EN

The issue of heritage, the attempts at determining its essence and its present-day role is a subject broadly discussed by researchers and practitioners – various research orientations define it differently. The author of this paper presents examples of religiousness of Wieliczka miners as an element of cultural heritage of this group, characteristic for the community, as well as its various manifestations, both tangible and intangible. The author deals with most typical and visible forms of religiousness, which have their source in mining traditions. The issue is worth attention due to multi-century history of the place, hard work of miners and preservation of the forms of worship at the moment of transformation of the facility from an industrial mine to a tourist location. The author discusses selected examples that are the most characteristic elements of the traditions of Wieliczka miners with the aim of show their present-day validity.

PL

Zagadnienie dziedzictwa, próby określenie czym jest i jaką odgrywa rolę współcześnie, jest tematem szeroko poruszanym przez badaczy i praktyków – różne orientacje badawcze definiują je nieco inaczej. W niniejszej pracy zostaną zaprezentowane przykłady religijności górników wielickich, jako elementu dziedzictwa kulturowego tej grupy charakterystycznego dla tej społeczności oraz jej różne przejawy, zarówno niematerialne, jak i materialne. W artykule zostaną uwzględnione przede wszystkim zachowane najbardziej typowe i widoczne współcześnie formy religijności mające źródła w tradycjach górniczych. Zagadnienie to jest warte uwagi ze względu na wielowiekową historię Wieliczki, trud pracy górników oraz ciągłe trwanie form kultu w momencie przekształcenia obiektu z przedsiębiorstwa w miejsce turystyczne. W pracy zostaną omówione wybrane przykłady, będące najbardziej charakterystycznymi elementami tradycji wielickich górników, w celu wykazania ich aktualności

12

(Nie)męscy bohaterowie? Portret ojca i syna w "Pokorze" Szczepana Twardocha

67%

Niesporek-Klanowska K.

Tematy i Konteksty

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2023

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vol. 18

|

issue 13

353-369

EN

This sketch is an attempt to take a closer look at the portraits of the two main characters in Pokora (2020) by Szczepan Twardoch. Through the description of Alois's experiences, the reader becomes well acquainted with his father - Anton, who has a destructive effect on his son's life and is responsible for most of his traumas, childhood wounds. Growing up in a patriarchal home and society, young Pokora becomes accustomed to his father's hegemony, anger, and violent behavior. Being taught humility above everything else he takes this trait further into his life and implements it into his adolescent and adulthood, which manifests, among other things, in his inability to defend himself, in his complicated relationships with women, and issues with his identity and masculinity. Alois's attempt to make any kind of change in usually ends with his downfall and humiliation.

PL

Szkic jest próbą przyjrzenia się portretom dwóch, głównych bohaterów Pokory Szczepana Twardocha (2020). Przez opis doświadczeń Aloisa, czytelnik dobrze poznaje postać jego ojca – Antona, który ma destrukcyjny wpływ na życie syna i jest winien większości jego traum – ran dzieciństwa. Młody Pokora, wychowując się w patriarchalnym domu i społeczeństwie, przyzwyczaja się do hegemonii ojca, jego gniewu i przemocowych zachowań. Nauczony ponad wszystko pokory, idzie z nią dalej w świat i przenosi ją do swojego młodzieńczego i dorosłego życia, co objawia się m.in. w niemożności własnej obrony, w trudnych relacjach z kobietami, w problemach z tożsamością i męskością. Próba podjęcia przez Aloisa jakiejkolwiek zmiany w swoim życiu, kończy się zazwyczaj jego ponownym upadkiem i upokorzeniem.

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Religijność jako jeden z elementów dziedzictwa kulturowego górniczej Wieliczki

(Nie)męscy bohaterowie? Portret ojca i syna w "Pokorze" Szczepana Twardocha