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PL
The origin of the monetary crisis in Poland in the latter half of the seventeenth century in the opinions of the Polish nobility from the Kraków province (Summary)In the years 1648–1696 the nobles from the Kraków province, as well as from the Duchy of Oświęcim and the Duchy of Zator, attending the regional assemblies (the so-called sejmiks) of the nobility held in Proszowice and Zator pointed to a number of sources of distortion of the money market. The way in which the issue was viewed by the Commonwealth’s political class evolved in parallel with changes occurring in the money market. In the years 1648–1650 the nobles focused their attention on the domestic coin deficit, criticizing, in connection with the reform carried out in 1650, a half-hearted conduct of monetary policy. The problem of the foreigners, to whom mints were leased out and whom nobody supervised, dominated the debate in question shortly after the Swedish occupation of Kraków. However, it soon gave way to a number of issues concerning the emission of copper szelągs (shillings) – the so-called “boratynkas” (from 1659) and zlotys (gold coins) the so-called “tymfs” (from 1663). The Polish nobility considered the crisis of Poland’s monetary system to originate in the uncontrolled administration of mints by those who oversaw the emission of the two kinds of coins mentioned above, that is, by the Grand Treasurer of the Crown, parliamentary committees and senators. In the years 1661–1666, Polish nobles argued that domestic economy was also harmed by the circulation of foreign currency – Swedish shillings. With the mints shut down, their attention shifted to the harm done by the circulation of “boratynkas” and “tymfs” and by the prevalence of forgery. The Grand Treasurer of the Crown, Jan Kazimierz Krasiński, was the first to be blamed for issuing the coins and thus for provoking the crisis. The group of those held responsible for the crisis also included Tytus Liviusz Borattini, Andrzej and Tomasz Tymf, members of the Committee for Soldiers’ Wage Payments, as well as a number of senators and superintendents. Although these persons were members of the royal faction, the transcripts of parliamentary debates demonstrate that the king himself, quite notably, was not criticized with regard to the crisis in question.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było zdiagnozowanie, jaką popularnością wśród konsumentów cieszą się produkty spożywcze o smaku miętowym. Badania przeprowadzono w roku 2012 na grupie 100 respondentów metodą ankietową za pomocą autorskiego kwestionariusza ankietowego, który składał się z 13 pytań o charakterze otwartym i zamkniętym. Wśród respondentów, którzy wzięli udział w badaniach aż 92 osoby na 100 badanych stwierdziło, że bardzo lubi smak mięty w produktach spożywczych. Produktami o smaku miętowym najczęściej wybieranymi przez respondentów były guma do żucia (80%), dropsy (65%), herbatki miętowe (55%) oraz napoje (39%). Produkty te były częściej wybierane przez kobiety aniżeli przez mężczyzn. Do lubianych produktów o smaku miętowym należą również czekolady i czekoladki (30%), karmelki (24%) oraz lody (21%).
EN
An aim of the carried out surveys was to diagnose what popularity among consumers deserve food products with mint flavour. The surveys were carried out in 2012 on the group of 100 respondents by the author’s questionnaire method; the questionnaire consisted of 13 questions of the open-end and multiple choice nature. Among the respondents, who took part in surveys, as many as 92 per 100 surveyed stated they very liked mint flavour in food products. The mint-flavoured products most often chosen by the respondents were: chewing gum (80%), drops (65%), mint teas (55%) and drinks (39%). These products were more often chosen by women than by men. The much-loved products with mint flavour include also chocolates and bonbons (30%), caramels (24%) and ice cream (21%).
RU
Цель проведенных исследований заключалась в выявлении, какой популярностью среди потребителей пользуются продукты питания с мятным вкусом. Исследования провели в 2012 г. на группе 100 респондентов по методу опроса с применением авторского вопросника, который состоял из 13 вопросов открытого и закрытого типа. Среди респондентов, принявших участие в исследовании, аж 92 человека на 100 опрошенных указали, что они очень любят вкус мяты в продуктах питания. Чаще всего избираемыми респондентами продуктами со вкусом мяты были: жевательная резинка (80%), леденцы (65%), сорта мятного чая (55%) и напитки (39%). Эти продукты чаще выбирались женщинами, нежели мужчинами. К числу любимых продуктов с мятным вкусом относятся также шо- колад и шоколадные конфеты (30%), карамель (24%) и мороженое (21%).
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