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EN
This paper aims at determining the semantic representation of the expression błąd ('mistake'). The presented deliberations focus on a few questions that need to be answered in order to fulfil this aim. The first one relates to the isolation of linguistic units that represent the notion of błąd, and additionally, the issue of the characteristic lack of summetry between the functioning (including semantic funtioning) of the expressions błąd and błądzić / zbłądzić (błądzenie / zbłądzenie) ('to make a mistake / to have made a mistake (making a mistake / having made a mistake)'). The second question is associated with, as it appears, a commonly held differentiation into systemic mistakes (spelling mistakes, calculation mistakes, etc.), and mistakes made in life (mistakes relating to the decision resulting in someone's specific behaviour, e.g. undertaking a traineeship, resigning from work, taking out a loan) that - in the light of the hetero conclusions - seem neither necessary, nor needed. The third question refers to the basic issues in determining the meaning of the expressions, that is determining the obligatory features, and at the same time, sufficient ones so that one can say about something: to (jest) błąd ('it is a mistake'). According to the presented interpretation, błąd is the result of someone's controlled, intentional activity, leading to negative consequences. A readiness to evaluate something done by someone as błąd implies the possibility of choosing a particular action by someone who makes a mistake. The fourth question develops the idea of being aware of making a mistake, introduced earlier. Acknowledging the effect of someone's action as błąd is related to the perception of the doer as someone who may know that what he is doing may lead to an adverse result. The final question is in fact a synthesis of the solutions adopted with regards to the previous questions. This synthesis proposes an explication of the expression under discussion.
EN
The paper focuses on showing the foreign phenomenon in language in translation, which are errors and mistakes. Various types of errors and mistakes were presented in the article: lingual as well as nonlingual (pragmatic, logical, objective), absolute, relative and others. Errors and mistakes from a didactical point of view were shown in the paper as well. Showing the typification of errors and mistakes as foreign phenomenon both in the language and in the translation is to be the most important purpose of this article.
DE
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EN
The aim of this text is to analyse various aspects of an error, understood as a collapse of form and content both in the 20th century and contemporary art, the latter influenced by post-digital (un)awareness. Art history teaches us that the avoidance of formal errors, crucial in the process of academic art education became irrelevant with the arrival of the first avant-gardes. This opened the way for artists to deal freely with the medium, or even act against the medium, not avoiding an error but rather embracing its surprising consequences. Therefore, a dilettante attitude disseminated rapidly across culture, allowing artists to make inspiring mistakes and find unexpected beauty in roughness and freedom in disorder. From the perspective of computing history, an error has always been a problem for coders and an annoyance for software users. The idea of making the most of technical limitations was discovered by net.art pioneers; later those mistakes were so appealing that a new genre was formed: glitch art. Nowadays artists produce so-called glitch art in their online and offline practice, using distortions resulting from errors in programming or the digital origin of images. Error-based artworks can be judged on criteria other than traditional, helping us find aesthetic joy in the collapse of forms. An intentional language mistake, just like the one made by Dada poets, reminds us that an imperfect message may reveal the hidden, conceptual framework of an apparently seamless structure. Post-digital error is, on the other hand, a paradox; being the creation from scratch of a seemingly erroneous object whose idea comes from digital vocabulary that is treated as a starting point to the planned collapse.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy możliwości zastosowania przepisów o wadach oświadczenia woli do umów zawieranych w trybie zamówień publicznych. Autor omawia problematykę czynności prawnej (umowy) dokonywanej z wykorzystaniem mechanizmów zawierających elementy administracyjne. Stawia pytanie o skuteczność czynności prawnej dokonanej pod wpływem wady oświadczenia woli. Przyjmuje, że podstawy wadliwości czynności prawnych przewidziane w kodeksie cywilnym mogą mieć również niekiedy zastosowanie do umów zawartych w trybie zamówień publicznych. Omawia poszczególne wady (w tym między innymi błąd), konfrontując przepisy o wadach oświadczenia woli z regulacjami o charakterze administracyjnym. Artykuł dotyka również kwestii praktycznej doniosłości regulacji wad oświadczenia woli w zakresie umów zawieranych w ramach zamówień publicznych.
EN
The article concerns the issue of applying the provisions of Polish Civil Code on defects in declaration of intent to the contracts concluded in accordance with public procurement rules. The author discusses the problem of legal act (a contract) concluded using legal mechanisms partially based on administrative law. He poses a question about the validity of such acts concluded under the influence of defects in declaration of intent. The author assumes, that some grounds for invalidity of legal acts stated in Civil Code may apply also to the contracts signed in the public procurement procedure. He discusses particular defects in declaration of intent (for instance a mistake or a fraud), confronting the provisions of the Civil Code with administrative regulations. Moreover, the article deals with issue of practical significance of provisions on defects in declaration of intent regarding contracts concluded in accordance with public procurement rules.
EN
The first edition of “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” appeared on March 20, 1990 in the form of a Polish-German supplement to “Trybuna Opolska”. This was a starting point of the published up till now German minority newspaper – “Wochenblat.pl”. Due to that, we may treat “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” as one of the oldest press publications of the German minority in Poland after 1989. When we focus on the German texts published in “WG”, we may come across many lexical and grammatical mistakes, which make it difficult for the reader to understand the text. It is not only the mistakes that disrupt the reception of the text. This article, by means of describing the relation and the influence the typography and the reading process have on one another, indicates that micro-typographic mistakes may have a negative impact on the clarity of the text. Only when the text is properly set, can the reader focus on its message. Wrongly set words, incorrect punctuation or spaces draw the reader’s attention and cause reading difficulties. They force the reader to analyze the structure of the text and therefore draw them away from focusing on the message. The article, using particular examples taken from the corpus of ten first editions of the “Wiadomości Górnośląskie”, shows that violation of the ortotypographic rules may disturb the clarity of the text. At the same time, it is being stated that typography has an important influence as far as the clarity of the text is concerned.
EN
One of the institutions, which underwent some significant changes as a result of the act amending The Criminal Code of 20th February 2015, is a mistake of fact under the Article 28 (1) of the Criminal Code. This institution is related to such basic issues of The Criminal Code as fault and a subject party. On the one hand, it standardises exclusion from criminal liability but on the other hand it entails certain doubts with regards to the amended law. It is questioned whether the amendment was actually necessary. As many theoreticians indicate, the consequences of the implementation of this regulation basically remain the same as in the case of the previous one. This amendment is perceived as a meaningless change only connected to its form. What is more, there is a new element added to the institution of a mistake of fact, namely justification. However, this element is not a novelty in the Criminal Code. The aim of this work is to assess the amendment and its purposefulness.
PL
Jedną z instytucji, podlegających istotnym zmianom w wyniku ustawy nowelizującej Kodeks karny z dnia 20 lutego 2015 roku jest błąd co do okoliczności stanowiącej znamię czynu zabronionego, uregulowany w art. 28 § 1 Kodeksu karnego. Instytucja ta jest powiązana z podstawowymi kwestiami nauki prawa karnego, jak wina i strona podmiotowa. Z jednej strony w wyniku nowelizacji przepisu mamy do czynienia z ujednoliceniem w kwestii wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej, z drugiej jednak strony pojawiły się co do znowelizowanego przepisu w nauce prawa karnego wątpliwości. Przede wszystkim czy istotnie nowelizacja w tym zakresie była niezbędna, jako że wielu teoretyków wskazuje na konsekwencje zastosowania regulacji, które nie są inne niż przy zastosowaniu poprzedniej regulacji. W związku z tym zmiana traktowana jest jako kosmetyczna dotycząca jedynie konstrukcji samego przepisu. Co więcej pojawiło się nowe znamię dodane do opisu instytucji błędu co do znamion czynu zabronionego, to znaczy usprawiedliwienia. Nie jest to jednak znamię nieznane nauce prawa karnego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest próba oceny nowelizacji i analizy jej celowości.
EN
The article seeks to arrive at a proper understanding of the most challenging words in the field of software testing, i.e., mistake, error, bug, defect, fault, and failure. The paper presents a semantic analysis of the words, for non-English practitioners of IT find it difficult to discriminate between them. The article is based on native English texts such as dictionaries, blog posts, software testing manuals and the like in order to ensure linguistic reliability and better understanding of the terms. The meaning of selected terms is compared by means of standard dictionaries and those dedicated to IT practitioners. Moreover, a theoretical overview of terminological issues in IT is conducted.
EN
School surroundings is limited by rules and regulations which are supposed to be followed by students. However, it may happen that some students do not feel that their needs and expectations are met, while any decisions made by them generate more or less positive outcome. The following text presents educational experiences of adult students which are a consequence of making wrong decisions in school surroundings. This perspective made it possible to distinguish some areas which frequently are not included in more detailed analysis of educational phenomena, although, form long term perspective, they might be of crucial importance in the process of shaping social skills.
EN
This paper analyzes the semantic properties of two semantically related expressions błąd (‘mistake’) and pomyłka (‘error’). The presented hypotheses are of a preliminary nature and are limited to the recognition of the basic problems associated with the description of the analyzed expressions, followed by ordering arrangements and research differentiations. This article discusses the current state of research (E. Grodziński’s article (1980) and dictionary definitions) concerning the investigated topic, isolates linguistic units representing the analyzed notions, and examines the most significant problems related to the description of the meanings of the analyzed expressions. One of the most important issues is the question of relating the expressions błąd and pomyłka to the phenomena that occur in the system (mistake / error in spelling, calculation, etc.) and to life situations (mistakes made giving away one’s children to one’s sister, resigning from work, etc.). Deliberations presented here are treated as an introduction to a detailed semantic analysis of the described units.
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EN
The article addresses the problematic usage of certain Czech prepositions by Czech native speakers, among others the cases where a preposition is used in speech with a different case than the one which corresponds to the standard Czech norm. It further focuses on some significant development tendencies in speech distribution of Czech prepositions which have been observed over the last few decades. The focus is mainly on the expansion of the preposition na, still frequenter usage of the competition of two prepositions and the usage of certain prepositions contrary to their semantics.
CS
Článek pojednává o problémovém užívání některých českých předložek ze strany rodilých mluvčích češtiny, mimo jiné o případech, kdy je v řečové komunikaci užita předložka s jiným pádem, než který je v souladu se současnou spisovnou normou českého jazyka. Příspěvek rovněž poukazuje na některé výrazné vývojové tendence, které lze v posledních desetiletích na řečové distribuci českých prepozic sledovat. Jedná se zejména o expanzi předložky na, o stále častější výskyt dvou předložek vedle sebe a o užívání některých předložek v rozporu s jejich sémantikou.  
PL
Artykuł jest próbą odmiennego spojrzenia na błędy popełniane przez uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego: jako kryterium nowej klasyfikacji przyjęto kontekst: działania uczącego się. W rezultacie powstał uproszczony podział na: błędy wyboru, błędy tworzenia i błędy odtwarzania. W drugiej części artykułu została zaprezentowana nowa klasyfikacja błędów wraz z przykładami, w trzeciej autor podaje przykłady błędów glottodydaktycznych, rozumianych jako te, które są charakterystyczne tylko dla uczących się i mają związek z nauką języka.
EN
The article is an attempt to look differently at the mistakes made by the learners of Polish as a foreign language. The criterion for a new error classification is the context: activities undertaken by the learner. As a result, the error classification has been simplified and consists of errors of selection, errors of creation, and errors of reproduction. The second part of the article presents the new classification accompanied with the examples. In the third part of the article, the author discusses the examples of glottodidactic mistakes understood as the mistakes specific only for foreign language learners and related to foreign language learning.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono pokrótce specjalizację Nauczanie języka polskiego jako obcego, którą Katedra Lingwistyki Stosowanej i Kulturowej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego prowadzi już od ponad 10 lat. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przedmiot Kultura, literatura i wiedza o Polsce w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego, w ramach którego studenci specjalizacji zostają poproszeni o przygotowanie adaptacji wybranego tekstu literackiego. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie błędów, jakie studenci popełniają podczas przygotowywania prac. Analiza tych błędów wskazała, z czym przyszli lektorzy mają największe trudności, jakiej wiedzy im brakuje. Materiał został oceniony pod kątem błędów metodycznych i językowych, co wskazało na ogólny poziom przyszłych lektorów. Wnioski pomogą udoskonalić wykładowcom uniwersyteckim sposób i rodzaj przekazywanych studentom wiadomości, w perspektywie całej specjalizacji glottodydaktycznej.
EN
The Polish Language Teaching as a Foreign Language specialization, which has been run by The Department of Applied and Cultural Linguistics at the University of Łódź for more than 10 years, is presented briefly in the article. A special attention is drawn to the subject of culture, literature and knowledge about Poland in teaching Polish as a foreign language in which students of the specialization are asked to prepare an adaptation of a chosen literary text. The purpose of the article was showing the mistakes that students commit during preparation of work. The analysis of those mistakes indicated what future lectors have the greatest difficulties with, what knowledge they lack. The material was assessed in terms of methodological and linguistic mistakes, which indicated the general level of future lectors. The conclusions will enable university lecturers to improve the type of information passed on and the way it is conveyed to students from the perspective of the entire glottodidactic specialization.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł nie jest repertuarem błędów nauczycielskich, chociaż o nich wielokrotnie mowa. Odwołując się do schematu działań nauczyciela w różnych momentach procesu dydaktycznego, nakreślonego w "Europejskim Portfolio dla studentów – przyszłych nauczycieli języków" koncentrujemy się głównie na takich pytaniach jak: co powinien robić nauczyciel w danej, niekiedy trudnej sytuacji; jaka powinna być jego rola, postawa; czego powinien się wystrzegać, o co szczególnie zabiegać etc. Najbardziej typowe niedociągnięcia i uchybienia (ponieważ wszystkich nikt nie jest w stanie, ani policzyć ani przewidzieć) zostały przedstawione w kontekście negatywnych konsekwencji jakie powodują oraz środków zaradczych, które należy podjąć, by móc uniknąć podobnych nieprawidłowości. Remedium, które okazuje się skuteczne w rozwiązywaniu problemów dydaktycznych spotykanych na co dzień, jest szeroko pojęta refleksja nad własnym warsztatem pedagogicznym oraz doskonalenie zawodowe.
EN
This paper is not a simple enumeration of teachers’ mistakes although it discusses them often. Referring to the operational framework for teachers at various stages of the didactic process outlined in the European Portfolio for Student Teachers of Languages, we mainly focus on questions such as what teachers should do in specific – sometimes difficult – situations, what their roles or attitudes should be, what they should avoid, what they should pay special attention to, etc. The most typical drawbacks and shortcomings (as they are not countable or predictable) are presented in the context of negative consequences they cause as well as the remedies to be applied in order to prevent such anomalies in the future. A remedy that is often found effective in solving didactic issues we encounter in our daily work is a widely understood reflection on our own educational competencies and professional improvement.
EN
The first part of this paper tries to contribute to the illustration of the formal language literacy presented by sample of text written by young Roma people. Those people attend special schools and their education program is limited comparing to the ordinary schools. The paper introduces new term — the stigmatize error/mistake. The second part of the presented paper illustrates main reasons of those mistakes (sociocultural, language, educational) and tries to suggest some solutions for school training. It can be orthography practicing, focus on phonetics, relations between speaking and writing, communication practices, vocabulary practicing, etc. The paper shows examples taken from databank ROMi, which was constructed as a sample of Czech language spoken/written by young Roma people.
Vox Patrum
|
2017
|
vol. 67
631-652
PL
Człowiek jako istota cielesna jest częścią świata materialnego, żyje i podle­ga procesom podobnym do tych, które panują w świecie zwierząt, a przewyższa go tylko dzięki posiadaniu duszy rozumnej. Chociaż więc ciało umożliwia za­istnienie i funkcjonowanie zwierzęcości w człowieku, to jednak jej istota, czyli podobieństwo człowieka do zwierząt, jest określone przede wszystkim przez re­lację duszy do ciała. Ponieważ zwierzęta nie posiadają rozumu, to zwierzęcość rozumianą na poziomie ontologicznym, jaką dzieli człowiek ze zwierzętami, św. Augustyn opisuje jako przeżywanie i doświadczanie doznań cielesnych przez byt o charakterze zmysłowym, który jako zwrócony w stronę rzeczy materialnych i żyjący w świecie doznań cielesnych, znajduje w nich właściwe sobie miejsce. Jest więc ona bezrozumnym rozkoszowaniem się sprawami cielesnymi. Zwierzęcość człowieka jest również rozważana jako możliwość bycia, co oznacza, że jest ona przedmiotem wyboru woli i przyjmuje postać procesu upodobnienia się do zwierząt rozumianego w sensie moralnym. Polega ona na tym, że człowiek, który został stworzony na obraz i podobieństwo Boga, będąc ze swej natury zwrócony ku Niemu, poprzez grzech pychy odwraca się od Niego i od kontemplacji prawd wiecznych zwracając się poprzez pożądliwość w stro­nę świata cielesnego. Ciesząc się dobrami doczesnymi oraz kierując ku nim swe pragnienia, człowiek przyzwyczaja się do przebywania pośród rzeczy cielesnych, zapomina o Bogu oraz o własnej rozumnej naturze, a dąży do zmysłowej przy­jemności. Konsekwencją odwrócenia się od Stwórcy i pożądliwego skierowania się ku rzeczom doczesnym jest więc zaślepienie prowadzące do niewoli cielesno­ści i bałwochwalstwa.
EN
As a corporeal being, man is part of the material world, he lives and is subject to processes similar to those which prevail in the world of animals and exceeds them only owing to the fact that he possesses a rational soul. Thus, although a body makes animality possible for a man to exist and function, its nature, meaning man’s similarity to animals, is defined mainly by the relationship between the soul and body. Since animals do not have minds, animality understood on the ontological level is something man and animals share in common. St. Augustine describes this as experiencing bodily sensations by the sensual being, which, because of their turning towards material things, lives in the world of bodily sensations and finds their place in it. Therefore, this is irrational delectation in bodily matters. This animality in humans is also considered as a possible lifestyle, which means it is an object of the will’s choice and assumes the form of the process of becoming similar to animals in the moral sense. It consists in the fact that man, who is created in the image and likeness of God, being turned to Him by nature, yet due to the sin of pride turns away from Him and from contemplation of eternal truths, and because of covetousness goes towards the carnal world. Being pleased with worldly possessions and directing his desires towards them, man becomes accustomed to existing among corporeal matters, forgetting about God and his own nature, and aspires to sensual pleasures. Therefore, the consequence of turn­ing away from the Creator and lustfully turning to worldly possessions is blind­ness that leads him or her into slavery of corporeality and idolatry.
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