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EN
This article describes the interactional patterns and linguistic structures associated with otherinitiated repair, as observed in a corpus of video-recorded conversations in Russian. In the discussion of various repair cases special attention is given to the modifications that the trouble source turn undergoes in response to an open versus a restricted repair initiation. Speakers often modify their problematic turn in multiple ways at ones when responding to an open repair initiation. They can alter the word order of the problematic turn, change prosodic contour of the utterance, omit redundant elements and add more specific ones. By contrast, restricted repair initiations usually receive specific repair solutions that target only one problem at a time.
EN
In contemporary Polish, there are phrases and winged words that come from films, TV series, songs, the language of politics, advertising, popular TV and radio programmes. Among the well-established expressions from the film and TV series, there are permanent verbal connections derived from the films by S. Bareja. Fixed verbal connections stand out among them: Słuszną linię ma nasza władza, Jak jest zima, to musi być zimno, Narodziła się nowa świecka tradycja, Ile jest cukru w cukrze, Nie wiem, nie znam się, nie orientuję się, zarobiony jestem. These idioms, winged words appear in both canonical and modified form. The usual modifications change or replace parts of the original phrases. Innovation strengthens the invariant. Fixed verbal connections of this type are usually ironic and comic. They often fulfill a ludic or phatic function – their appearance is the sender’s communicative signal addressed to the recipient participating in the same culture which is being created today not only by literature, music, painting and other works of art, but also by films, TV series, television and radio programs and so on.
EN
This paper is a review of recent publications dealing with the consequences of the release of genetically modified (GM) crops into the environment. The summary of arguments and for and against is an attempt to summarize the debate in the media. This highly publicized issue, although only one aspect of the conflict between the biotech lobby, environmentalists and consumers. The controversy arises from the fact that neither the benefits nor the risks of GM crops are clearly defined. The study contains a summary of claims that there is a serious potential risk to the environment of positive cultivation of GM crops, with uncertain effects, and that basic manipulation of heredity could have tragic consequences. European scepticism about GM crops increases from year to year. This paper coincides with the Polish government’s introduction of a ban on the cultivation of genetically modified maize and potatoes on Polish territory. In conclusion, while a move away from GM crops is likely, the author argues that ultimately there is no turning back.
RU
The article is devoted to compounds in Russian youth slang. The author proves that young people treat compounds as a basis for creative modifications and play with words by combining various parts of speech, different styles, languages in one in order to create humorous formations.
XX
The study of complex noun phrases and their evolution in early English writings has attracted attention of many scholars (e.g. Norri 1989; Raumolin-Brunberg 1991; Moskowich 2009; 2010; Biber et al. 2011; Tyrkkö 2014). These studies have revealed that the trends in the use of pre- and postmodification in noun phrases have been subject to various changes over the centuries.The present paper offers an examination of the preferred patterns of noun phrase modification in Early Modern English medical recipes. The study will investigate whether there was a link between the level of the text (learned and non-learned) and the choice of noun modifiers.
EN
The paper presents the analysis of types of modifications in idiomatic expressions based on the particular examples extracted from comments and opinions from press texts in both Polish and French Internet editions. The main task of the analysis was to reveal the diversity of the operations and to compare how they function in both languages. The review of the examples from the presented phraseological innovations proves that both common as well as different operations exist for both Polish and French. Some modifications have the effect of word games allowing to activate a literal sense or a new meaning in a context.
FR
Dans cet article, nous étudions les différents types de modifications des unités phraséologiques qui apparaissent dans les textes de presse électronique française et polonaise et les commentaires sous les articles en ligne. Notre objectif principal était de décrire le fonctionnement de ces unités dans le discours journalistique et de montrer la diversité des procédés utilisés en français et en polonais. Notre analyse a permis de détecter les opérations communes et celles qui sont caractéristiques pour les deux langues comparées. Certaines modifications ont pour effet les jeux de mots permettant d’activer un sens littéral ou un sens nouveau actualisé dans un contexte adéquat.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano pod różnym kątem przykłady modyfikacji związków frazeolo­gicznych, pochodzące z komentarzy i wypowiedzi do tekstów prasowych w polskich i francuskich wydaniach internetowych. Głównym zadaniem było pokazanie różnorodności użytych środków oraz porównanie sposobu ich funkcjonowania w obu językach. Analiza przykładów innowacji frazeologicznych dowodzi, że istnieją operacje zarówno wspólne, jak i odmienne dla obu systemów językowych. W niektórych modyfikacjach występuje gra słów, w której aktualne staje się znaczenie dosłowne związku lub w odpowiednim kontekście pojawia się nowe znaczenie.
EN
The article is devoted to English borrowings as components of idioms in Russian youth slang. English borrowings are treated by young Russian language users as ‘a base’ for various combinations of English and Russian words in creating various creative neologisms and innovative modifications of existing idioms in Russian. The variations are aimed at emotions and humour – the essentials elements of youth slang. The use of English borrowings in Russian idioms also show their complete assimilation in the recipient language.        
PL
The article is devoted to English borrowings as components of idioms in Russian youth slang. English borrowings are treated by young Russian language users as ‘a base’ for various combinations of English and Russian words in creating various creative neologisms and innovative modifications of existing idioms in Russian. The variations are aimed at emotions and humour – the essentials elements of youth slang. The use of English borrowings in Russian idioms also show their complete assimilation in the recipient language. 
EN
The subject of the article is a reflection on the nature of transformations occurring silently in the course of human activity. The structure of these processes is complex, often spirally connected, in the form of a coil or braid tangles and includes both the visible aspects, referred to by François Jullien as modifications, and those that are invisible on a daily basis, in short time, as Ferdinand Braudel calls it. They are discoverable only in the long term and in re-experiencing, which is analyzed by Jullien in his latest work. A characteristic feature of both activity and transformation is their complexity, connection and parallelism of occurrence. Their nature can be analyzed both in the context of visible modifications of activity (including lines, activity trends, etc.) and in relation to possible anticipations of events in the field of practice, giving grounds for attributing new meanings and senses of the spiritual/mental life. Spiritual life is understood as mental life, embracing activities of the subject that are aimed at transforming his/her own representations”. “Mental” means in this statement “felt inside”, imagined and expressed discursively. While thinking about spiritual life in terms of mental life understood in this way, it is particularly important to understand this spirally-built convolution of activities as transformations of transformations, which is termed as couplage structure (conjugation, structural connection). An example of such a structurally related/structurally conjugated relationship may be the re-experiencing of experiences (i.e. re-life, seconde vie), in which we are only discovering the essence and sense of our activity.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest namysł nad naturą procesów przekształceń/transformacji zachodzących bezszelestnie w toku aktywności człowieka. Struktura tych procesów jest złożona, często powiązana spiralnie, w postaci zwoju czy warkocza splotów i zawiera zarówno aspekty widoczne, określane przez François Julliena jako modyfikacje i te, które są niedostrzegalne na co dzień, w czasie krótkim, jak to nazywa Ferdynand Braudel. Są one możliwe do odkrycia dopiero w długim trwaniu oraz w ponownym przeżywaniu, doświadczaniu, co w swej ostatniej pracy analizuje Jullien. Charakterystyczną cechą zarówno aktywności, jak i transformacji jest ich złożoność, powiązanie i równoległość występowania. Ich natura może być analizowana zarówno w kontekście widocznych modyfikacji aktywności (m.in. linii, tendencji aktywności etc.), jak i w odniesieniu do możliwych antycypacji zdarzeń w polu praktyki, dających podstawy do nadawania nowych znaczeń i sensów życia duchowego/ mentalnego. Życie duchowe rozumiane jako życie mentalne, obejmujące „aktywności podmiotu, które zmierzają do transformacji jego własnych reprezentacji”. Mentalne, oznacza w tej wypowiedzi, „odczuwane wewnętrzne”, wyobrażane i wyrażane dyskursywnie. Myśląc o życiu duchowym w kategoriach tak rozumianego życia mentalnego, szczególnie ważne jest pojmowanie tego spiralnie zbudowanego splotu aktywności jako transformacje transformacji, co określa się terminem couplage structurel (pożenienie, połączenie strukturalne). Przykładem takiego związku skojarzonego/pożenionego strukturalnie, może być ponowne przeżywanie doświadczeń (czyli ponowne [prze] życie, seconde vie), w którym dopiero odkrywamy istotę i sens naszej aktywności.
EN
The article is devoted to the names of music stars in Russian youth slang. The number of English borrowings, which appear in the Russian youth’s language,  is growing rapidly.  Russian youngsters are open for western music. The paper presents the processes of implementation of English names into Russian slang. The studied material shows how English words are transformed to adjust to Russian phonetics. The author of this paper proves that young people do not copy foreign words and phrases, but treat them as a basis for further modifications. They play with foreign words in order to adjust them to Russian phonetics and add humour which is a characteristic feature of youth slang.
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