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Vox Patrum
|
2012
|
vol. 57
453-468
EN
Saint Jerome, the author of the Latin translation of the Holy Bible and Eusebius’s Onomasticon, contributed to a large extent to the popularisation and development of the tourist-pilgrimage movement at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. The aim of the present article is to present, in the light of Jerome’s works, how people travelled, among others, to the Holy Land; how the author of the Letters travelled himself as well as how his companions, monks and clergymen travelled. What is more, the text presents which way(s) the most popular sea and land routes ran and what types of dangers the then travellers were exposed to. The article also shows which locations were most popular and which souvenirs were desirable by pilgrims.
EN
One of the only papyri found during T. Górecki’s excavations in the hermitage MMA 1152 (western Thebes), the letter published here is a good example of the difficulty of getting papyrus in the area at that time (7th-8th cent. A.D.). The edition of the text is followed by an appendix on the terminology of papyrus sheets and rolls (especially ⲥⲕⲉⲧⲁⲗⲏ / σχεδάριον) as well as some remarks on prices.
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 62, issue 2 (2014). The presented work makes reference to results of research on the ordination of religious clergy by bishops of the dioceses of Gniezno and Płock in the 15th and 16th centuries. The analysis of the contents of the books of pontifical acts of the Kuyavian bishops issued in the first half of the 16th century and the survey of selected books of the Włocławek Consistory permits the identification of more than 100 previously unknown members of the religious clergy originating chiefly from monasteries situated in the area of the Kuyavian Diocese, who received minor or major holy orders from their ordinaries and suffragans.
PL
Jeżów to ostatnia z XII-wiecznych fundacji benedyktyńskich na ziemiach polskich. Klasztor od początku pomyślany został jako prepozyturą opactwa benedyktynów w Lubiniu. U schyłku średniowiecza benedyktyni jeżowscy podjęli pierwsze próby zmierzające do likwidacji niektórych obciążeń na rzecz opactwa. Okoliczności sporów, poznajemy dzięki XVII-wiecznemu dziejopisowi klasztornemu Bartłomiejowi z Krzywinia. Jego kronika jest wiarygodnym źródłem, dzięki któremu możemy przyjrzeć się dynamice konfliktów, mechanizmom ich przebiegu, rozświetlić problematykę skutków, zarówno krótko, jak i długofalowych. Ostatecznie próby zrzucenia niektórych ciężarów (np. daniny sukna) podejmowane przez benedyktynów jeżowskich w XV i XVI w. zakończyły się niepowodzeniem i doprowadziły w konse-kwencji do jeszcze większego zbliżenia prepozytury z opactwem w Lubiniu. Wypra-cowane wówczas rozwiązania formalno-prawne, wprowadzone później oficjalnie do statutów kapituły lubińskiej, okazały się być bardzo trwałe, ponieważ w późniejszym okresie, nie dochodziło już do tak gwałtownych i głębokich konfliktów.
EN
Jeżów is the last of the 12th-century Benedictine foundations in Poland. From the very beginning, the monastery was conceived as a prepositure of the Benedictine Abbey in Lubiń. In the late Middle Ages, the Benedictines of Jeżów made the first attempts to eliminate some financial burdens towards the abbey. The circumstances of the conflict are known thanks to the 17th century monastery chronicler Bartholomaeus Crivinius. His chronicle is a reliable source, thanks to which we can look at the dynamics of conflicts and the mechanisms of their course as well as cast some light on the short and long term effects. Ultimately, the attempts to avoid financial burdens made in the 15th and 16th centuries ended in failure and, as a consequence, led to even greater rapprochement. The formal and legal solutions developed at that time, later officially introduced into the statutes of the Lubiń Chapter, proved to be very durable, because in the later period such violent and deep conflicts no longer occurred.
Archeologia Polski
|
2013
|
vol. 58
|
issue 1-2
225-235
EN
The author demonstrates that finds of Helix pomatia L. shells cannot be connected with the Lusatian Culture strongholds from the Early Iron Age on Komorowska Island. These snail shells should be associated, at least in part, with the Early Medieval stronghold that stood on the island and possibly also in part with the Late Medieval occupation.
PL
W 1603 r. biskup przemyski Maciej Pstrokoński na prośbę Jana Szczęsnego Herburta przedłożoną w imieniu jego niepełnoletniego krewnego Wojciecha Erazma Herburta zezwolił na sprowadzenie do Sąsiadowic karmelitów dawnej obserwacji. Zakonnicy założyli tam swój pierwszy na ziemiach wschodnich dawnej Rzeczpospolitej klasztor, który przetrwał najazdy tatarskie w XVII wieku, kasaty klasztorne w XVIII-XIX wieku oraz wojny światowe i przymusowe wysiedlenie w wieku XX zakończone w 2011 r. powrotem braci do klasztoru. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie historii klasztoru sąsiadowickiego począwszy od 1603 r. aż do czasów współczesnych.
EN
In 1603 the Bishop of Przemyśl, Maciej Pstrokoński – at the request of Jan Szczęsny Herburt, made in the name of his underage relative Wojciech Erazm Herburt – allowed for the settlement in Sąsiadowice of Carmelites of the Old Observance. The monks established the first monastery on the eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The monastery withstood the Tatar invasions in the 17th century, mo-nastic dissolutions in the 18th-19th centuries as well as world wars and compulsory expulsion in the 20th century, which ended in 2011 with the return of monks to the mon-astery. The aim of the article is to present the monastery history from 1603 until the present time.
XX
The aim of the paper is to discuss the achievements, problems, and methodology of two trends in the research on early medieval monastery life: the anthropological paradigm (legal anthropology, or New Constitutional History) and the sociological approach to monastic life. The author asks questions about the research problems that individual paradigms deal with (e.g. the relations of power in monasteries, the issues of subjectivity and identity of monks); about the kind of approach to the cultural or social truth of medieval sources they postulate; and about the consequences for the perception of early medieval monasteries as closed or even total (Erving Goffman) institutions or for their filtering into the layman’s world. The author postulates that, just as monastery life in the Middle Ages was a form of a social and psychological experiment, the area of research on this phenomenon and its relations of power may now become a territory for testing concepts and theories derived from anthropology, sociology, or political science.
Vox Patrum
|
2015
|
vol. 64
79-92
PL
Prezentowany artykuł ma na celu ukazanie roli św. Atanazego Wielkiego w pro­pagowaniu życia monastycznego w jego dziełach: Żywocie świętego Antoniego, Listach do mnichów i Listach paschalnych. Na przykładzie św. Antoniego Atanazy ukazywał rolę, ważność i zalety życia poświęconego Bogu, z dala od świata. Atana­zy ukazuje się poprzez swe dzieła jako propagator monastycyzmu i życia ascetycz­nego, a jednocześnie obrońca ortodoksji. Dzięki jego pismom, monastycyzm, który wyrósł na egipskiej pustyni, stał się znany daleko poza Egiptem i stał się podstawą do tworzenia grup monastycznych w całym ówczesnym Imperium Rzymskim.
Vox Patrum
|
2015
|
vol. 63
375-388
EN
This article considers the subject of spiritual warfare led by monks as the “sol­diers” of Christ. Author of the article analyzed two John Chrysostom’ homilies (69 and 70) from the series Homily on the Gospel according to St. Matthew. First, he emphasizes the important role of the monasticism in the life and thought of John Chrysostom already from the beginning of his literary activity. Then, on the basis of sources, he shows the monks as a “spiritual army” of Christ, who are stay­ing at the hermitage instead of at a military camp, and instead of arms have ascetic practices. This spiritual army of Christ refers more splendid victory than the crack troops of the Roman Empire army, because the battle with the demons is far more difficult than fighting with people. In the final part of the article pointed out the profile of pastoral teaching of John Chrysostom, who encouraged all Christians to take spiritual warfare as the monks.
EN
Comparative studies of medical specialization in Orthodox and Catholic monasteries. Preliminary remarks. The article is dedicated to the problem of the genesis of hospitals and specialization of some Catholic and Orthodox monasteries in the provision of medical care and other charitable activities. The relevance of the topic is dictated by the difficulty in explaining the phenomenon of the Orthodox Trinity Hospital Monastery in Kyiv outside the context of the history of Rus as a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Orthodox monasteries are not characterized by the reflection in their name of the monastery’s implied charitable function. The problems of historiography relating to the monastery as a medical institution are discussed in the article. It focuses how the imperial concept of historical development prevails in post-Soviet countries, also either West European connections or regional features is taken little into account. Despite the meager available source base, posing the question makes it possible to identify promising areas of research, such as a comparison of the charters of Orthodox and Catholic monasteries with regard to the care of patients, dependence of specialized church institutions on public health policy, dynamics of the evolution of hospitals in Catholic and Orthodox monasteries, an architectural and spatial structure of medical units there, monastic view of disease and medical practice, which highlight the issues of the monasteries’ social role and their functioning during epidemics.
EN
This article examines the use of the title papa in the Greek and Coptic papyri, ostraca, and inscriptions of the third–ninth centuries, refuting previous claims that it was primarily used as a ‘priestly title’. The main grammatical features of the term are sketched out, before delineating the use of papa as both noun and honorific to mean ‘bishop’ over the third–seventh centuries, and then as an honorific for monastic administrators after the sixth century. Some brief observations are then made on how the title appears to develop over the ninth–thirteenth centuries.
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2: Historia
005-027
PL
Niniejsza praca nawiązuje do ogłoszonych wcześniej wyników badań nad zjawiskiem święceń duchowieństwa zakonnego przez biskupów w diecezjach gnieźnieńskiej oraz płockiej w XV i XVI wieku. Analiza zawartości ksiąg czynności pontyfikalnych biskupów kujawskich z pierwszej połowy XVI wieku, a także kwerenda przeprowadzona w wybranych księgach włocławskiego konsystorza pozwoliła zidentyfikować ponad 100 nieznanych wcześniej przedstawicieli kleru zakonnego, pochodzących głównie z klasztorów położonych na terenie diecezji kujawskiej, którzy odebrali zrąk tamtejszych ordynariuszy i sufraganów niższe oraz wyższe święcenia.
EN
The present paper follows the already published results of research on ordaining monastic clergy by bishops in the Gniezno and Płock Dioceses in the 15th and 16th centuries. Analysis of the contents of the Books of Pontifical Acts of the Kujawy Bishops of the first half of the 16th century as well as a survey of selected books of the Włocławek Consistory has allowed identification of over 100 earlier unknown representatives of monastery clergy coming mainly from monasteries situated in the area of the Kujawy Diocese, who took minor and major holy orders from their Ordinaries and Suffragans.
PL
Los Serbii od tysiąca lat związany jest z atoskim monasterem Chilandar. Sam monaster do momentu przejęcia przez Serbów istniał już od dwustu lat jednakże w 1198 roku został oficjalnie przekazany przez cesarza bizantyńskiego Aleksego III Angelosa, serbskiemu królowi Stefanowi Nemanii (przyjął mnisze imię Symeon) oraz jego synowi Rastko, który przyjął na Atosie mnisze imię Sawa. Ci dwaj późniejsi święci Cerkwi serbskiej przeszedłszy na Atosie przez wszystkie stopnie życia monastycznego sprawili, że monaster Chilendar stał się centrum życia kulturowo – duchowego, jak również i politycznego czasach niewoli osmańskiej. To tutaj na tle przepięknej atoskiej przyrody w klimacie modlitwy i zaciszu bogatych zbiorów chilendarskiej biblioteki, najwybitniejsze autorytety zarówno duchowne jak i świeckie otrzymały przygotowanie dla pracy zarówno misyjnej jak i politycznej co było bardzo istotne w szczególności w czasach pięćset letniej niewoli tureckiej. Wszelką pomoc przychodzącą z zewnątrz, okupowanej Serbii jak również z prawosławnej Rosji i rumuńsko-mołdawskich możnowładców chilendarscy ojcowie dzielili pomiędzy wszystkie potrzebujące atoskie monastery nie bacząc na pochodzenie etniczne ich mnichów. Te małe sumy przeznaczane było do opłacania drakońskich podatków i renowacji podupadających atoskich monasterów. Po uzyskaniu niepodległości Serbia po okresie pięćsetletniego polityczno-kulturowo- religijnego niebytu musiała utorować sobie drogę do odnalezienia się w nowej europejskiej rzeczywistości. Również los Chilendaru nie pozostał obojętny dla formułującej się na od nowa serbskiej państwowości. Monaster zapełnił się na nowo serbskimi mnichami. Odbudowywali oni nie tylko struktury życia monastycznego ale kładli podwaliny dla dalszego duchowo-kulturalnego rozwoju wyzwolonej z islamskiej niewoli swojej serbskiej ojczyzny.
EN
The very destiny of Serbia has been connected with the athonite monastery Chilendar since thousand year. Monastery Chilendar since being accepted by the Serbian king had existed for 200 years before as a simple athonite monastery. However in 1198 it was officially given by the byzantine emperor Aleksios III Angelos to the Serbian king Stefan Nemania (his monastic name was Simeon) and his son duke Rastko who later became monk Sava. Those two saints of the Serbian Orthodox Church caused that monastery Chilendar had become the very center of the spiritual and cultural life of the Serbian state and political life during the osman slavery as well. Here in the climate of beautiful athonite nature, in the climate of prayer and in the shelter of the reach collection of libraries. Many of Serbian outstanding personalities received here spiritual and secular training needed for the mission and political work during years of the ottoman slavery. The very help coming from orthodox Russia and Romanian and Moldavian nobility, fathers of Chilendar sheared to the all athonite monasteries being in need regardless of ethnic descend of monks. Those little sums were directed to pay large taxes and renovations of monasteries that were in very bed state. After 500 period of the political-cultural and religious non-existence, Serbia paved the way for new European reality. Also the fate of the Chilendar had not remain neutral for the reconstructed new Serbian state. Once more monastery was filled up the serbian monks. That had rebuild the structures of the monastic life and created the very base for the further development of liberated from the Islamic slavery their Serbian country.
Studia Gdańskie
|
2017
|
issue 40
161-166
PL
Artykuł początkowo przedstawia podstawowe prawdy wiary w obu religiach, które od razu pokazują zasadnicze rozbieżności pomiędzy nimi. Następnie dokonuje bardziej pogłębionej prezentacji problemów obu religii, usytuowanych na pograniczu wiary i praktyki religijnej. Wskazuje więc nadal na głębokie różnice, nieliczne podobieństwa, ale też na pewne oceny wzajemne obu religii, które pomimo wzajemnego szacunku, są krytyczne. Największa część artykułu dotyczy porównania w skrócie losów chrześcijaństwa obrządku rzymsko – katolickiego w Polsce i buddyzmu ludności Han w Chinach, bez wchodzenia w jego różnice z buddyzmem tybetańskim. Artykuł sygnalizuje pewne podobieństwa jak np. okresy prześladowań, ale też obecną zupełnie inną rolę w obu państwach.
EN
At the beginning of this article the author presents the basis truths of two religions, which at a first glance reveal some fundamental incompatibilities. Then he thoroughly presents the problems of both religions, problems situated on the periphery of the faith and religious practice. The article draws attention to deep-rooted differences and to a few similarities, but also to the reciprocal valuation of both religions, which despite their mutual respect, remain critical of each other. The most comprehensive part of the article is a brief comparison of Roman Catholic Christianity in Poland and Han people’s Buddhism in China, without going into differences between the last mentioned and Tibetan Buddhism. The paper indicates some similarities, such as, for example, periods of persecutions, but also shows the completely different role that those two religions play currently in both countries.
PL
Misyjne zaangażowanie zakonników reprezentujących rozmaite zakony oraz zgromadzenia misyjne stanowi w dużej mierze o dynamizmie misyjnym Kościoła. Od dawien dawna bowiem, zakony są postrzegane jako awangarda w dziele misyjnym. W tym kontekście jawią się zasadne pytania: jaka jest ich rola i czym się konkretnie zajmują? Nie mniej frapującym zagadnieniem jest to, czy konsekracja zakonna, czyli życie ślubami, przekłada się czy też ułatwia albo utrudnia misyjne zaangażowanie? Czy monastyczny tryb życia ma rację bytu na obszarach misyjnych? Poniższy tekst stara się odpowiedzieć na powyższe kwestie. Zarazem pragnie zachęcić czytelnika do dalszej pogłębionej refleksji nad rolą zakonników we współczesnym dziele misyjnym Kościoła. Nie ulega bowiem wątpliwości, że nowe paradygmaty misyjne, wskazane przez ostatnich papieży, stanowią wielkie wyzwanie również dla zakonników, zaangażowanych w dzieło misyjne.
EN
The missionary commitment of religious men and women representing different religious orders and mission societies are seen as the source of the missionary dynamism of the Church. In fact, the religious orders have been seen as the vanguard (avant-garde) of the missionary work. These realities cause arising of some well-founded questions like; What is the role of the missionary orders and mission societies in evangelization and what exactly these religious bodies do? No less puzzling issue is whether consecrated life, or life in the religious vows, helps or hinders missionary activities? Does the monastic life make any sense in the missionary territories? The following text looks for answers for the above questions. At the same time, the author wishes to encourage the readers to go into reflection on the role of the religious and monks in the Church’s contemporary mission work as there are no doubt that the new missionary paradigms, indicated by the recent popes, are a great challenge for the religious and monks who are involved in the missionary work.
EN
Catechesis should lead to the formation of a personal bond with God following the model of Christ, and to professing the faith in the Church for a full personalization of man and of the world. For this service, in a special way, in all the history, the Church has always called consecrated persons to devote the maximum of their abilities and possibilities to the work of teaching, educating and of initiation that is realized by catechesis in various circles. The contribution of monks to catechization is most fully realized by making the Person of Christ present with the use of the example of one's life, and by following the example of the Son of God, by the profession of evangelic councils and by the testimony of one's Christian life in agreement with the Gospel, revealing Christ and showing the face of the Church, as well as by monastic charismas involved in the process of catechization, giving it a special emphasis and a telling character. Involvement in catechization on the part of monks, nuns, and members of associations of apostolic life is of utmost importance at the present moment in the history of the new evangelization of the new Europe and the new world.
PL
Katecheza powinna prowadzić do osobowej więzi z Bogiem na wzór Chrystusa i do wyznawania wiary w Kościele dla pełnej personalizacji człowieka i świata. Do tej posługi w ciągu dziejów Kościół w sposób szczególny wzywa osoby życia konsekrowanego, aby zechciały poświęcić maksimum zdolności i możliwości dziełu nauczania, wychowania i wtajemniczenia, jakie realizuje w różnych środowiskach katecheza. Wkład osób zakonnych w katechizację najpełniej dokonuje się poprzez uobecnianie Osoby Chrystusa przykładem życia i naśladowaniem Syna Bożego, przez profesję rad ewangelicznych oraz poprzez świadectwo życia chrześcijańskiego zgodnie z Ewangelią, objawiające Chrystusa i pokazujące oblicze Kościoła, a także poprzez charyzmaty zakonne włączone w proces katechizacji, które nadają jej specyficzny akcent i wymowny charakter. Zaangażowanie w katechizację ze strony zakonników, zakonnic i członków stowarzyszeń życia apostolskiego jest niezmiernie cenne w obecnym dziejowym momencie nowej ewangelizacji nowej Europy i nowego świata.
EN
The units of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw include fonds 170, Directorate General. Department of New East Prussia. It contains documents relating to the department, which existed at the turn of the 19th century. Among the numerous archive documents kept there we will find those concerning monasteries dissolved by the Prussian authorities in the New East Prussia period: the Dominicans in Liškiava, Płock, Sejny and Virbalis; the Franciscans in Wyszogród; and the Carmelites in Władysławowo, also known as Nowe Miasto (New Town). The documents make it possible to examine various aspects of the functioning of the monasteries under Prussian rule, which lasted just over ten years. Important papers include documents concerning the monks, also those who decided to leave their orders.
EN
The aim of the article is the analysis of the heroes, themes and motives of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People present in Lives of Saints by Piotr Skarga. The Polish author of the 16th-17th centuries refers to selected characters, stories and themes as sources of role models and for polemical pur­poses. Bede’s heroes: bishops, missionaries, the religious, secular rulers, serve as examples for the implementation of the specific virtues. Selected motives of the chronicle treated by Skarga – in most cases – with fidelity to the original, are in­tended to show not only the distant reality unknown to the Polish reader, but also the characters and events meaningful in the post-Trent period.
Vox Patrum
|
2018
|
vol. 70
559-600
EN
We owe important testimonies about local nomads to monks and pilgrims vi­siting Sinai. The information about them can be found in the works of Nilus of Sinai, Nilus of Ancyra, Ammonius, Jerome, Anastasius Sinaita or John Moschos. The image of the nomads, both Arabs and Blemmyds is painted in rather dark co­lours. The Christian authors pointed to the fact that they did not have permanent residences, nor cultivated land, but lived on what they hunted or robbed. They de­voted much attention to the attacks of the nomads on monasteries, hermits and pil­grims. They also reported the fate of the latter in captivity. They were shocked by Saracen beliefs, the cult of al-Uzza, identified with Aphrodite and bloody victims, especially human, although the latter has often been questioned by researchers. It seems that such practices may have happened, although rarely. Those Saracens who had adopted Christianity were presented in a different manner. They were allies of monks and hermits, defending them fromtheir pagan brothers. Even if their customs had not radically changed, for the Christian writers they were no longer barbarians. In the written sources, there is little information about collaboration between ascetics and nomadic communities, although we know from the archaeological sources that it took place, even in the form of trade exchange.
EN
While focusing on the issues such as spirituality, faith, prayer, and discipline, the late antique literary discourse pays little attention to the engagement of monks in the mundane realities of daily life. The symbolic significance of the total withdrawal from the earthly matters have paved its way into common imagination of the monastic existence. One must, however, remain cautious while attempting to translate monastic writings into the reality of day-to-day life of a monk in Egypt. As shown by numerous papyri, social and economic relations between monks and the surrounding world were not sporadic, but an inevitable element of the monastic movement. The picture of Egyptian monasticism depicts a web of contacts with the ‘outside world’ and an entanglement of religious landscape in the local economy. In this article, I discuss only one aspect of the much broader issue, that is the existence of ‘legal capacity’ of monastic communities in late antique Egypt. I address the problem of ‘legal representation’ of monasteries as outlined in the sources of legal practice. For a lawyer, these observations are all the more stimulating as there has been an ongoing debate whether ‘legal persons’ as such existed at all in Roman law, and whether we could talk about anything approaching our current understanding of ‘legal personality’.
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