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EN
21st century is the age of ageism as elderly people tend to suffer from isolation and discrimination. The study was exploratory and conducted to verify the relationships between moral foundations, moral distancing (mechanism of one’s engagement in unethical behavior) and attitudes towards the elderly. It involved 302 subjects (208 women) from Poland, aged 12-58 (M=25,51; SD=9,35). The research revealed that moral distancing correlates negatively with foundations linked with caring and fairness, as well as with overall positive attitude towards older people. Only sanctity foundation correlates positively with contact frequency, probably as a result of religious/ethical orders. In the future, it is proposed to carry out a similar research, using implicit attitudes tests, as obtained results were as burdened with disturbance variable in the form of social approval.
EN
Political correctness is a set of techniques whose task is to counteract foreclosure and discrimination based on distinctiveness. The aim of the analysis of the phenomenon is to specify and characterize these mechanisms. Political correctness study also reveals that this phenomenon is subjected to ideologies. Understanding the source of this process is facilitated by the theory of the moral foundations of Jonathan Haidt. It is about innate and acquired elements of human morality, which affect the perception of reality and the valuation of its basic elements.
PL
The article presents the results of the literary and pedagogical analysis of the twoCicero’s works “On the Laws” and “On Duties”, which shed light on the civic idealof the author and the ways to achieve it. The ability of the individual to define hisown path of life and path of education, telling at the same time the right from thewrong, is considered one of the features of Cicero’s ideal citizen. The importanceof Cicero’s pedagogical ideas grows due to the transformation of the value componentof civic consciousness that is taking place in the modern society.
EN
In the sixteenth century the three terms “law”, “liberty” and “respublica” became intertwined in a broader conception of a well-ordered political community, civitas libera, which was seen as the only guarantee of liberty and the public good. For the authors who belong to the tradition of classical republicanism, one of the central questions concerned the nature of the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to meet the requirements of civil liberty and political obligation. Unlike modern political philosophers who have introduced the language of rights, they understood civil freedom as being one of the benefits derived from living under a well-ordered government – res publica for the attainment of which virtue was of crucial importance. This article focuses on the Polish republican discourse of the sixteenth century that was preoccupied with these questions.
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