The article is dedicated to the issue of countersigning of some legal proceedings by the treasurer of a local self-government unit. Since municipalities are a frequent participant in civil-law proceedings, the issue is very important from both theoretical and practical perspective. The author pays particular attention to the significance of countersignature as for the validity and effectiveness of legal proceedings, he also discusses issues related to conclusion of agreements. This is justified by the scale and importance of bilateral proceedings. However, many issues related to conclusion of agreements can be applied in the field of all legal proceedings, including unilateral.
The article presents the review of resolutions adopted by Podlaskie Voivodeship municipal councils dedicated to public consultations in a five-year perspective. This thread is preceded by the presentation of the idea of consultations as well as direct and semi-direct democracy from the State and self-government powers’ point of view. Moreover, structural conditioning of the participation of subjects at the local self-government level has been characterized.
Following article presents basic points contained in the book "The Spirit Level" byRichard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett. Author reconstructs the author’s theory about the social consequences of income inequality and shows its main disadvantages. Empirical part of the article presents the results of the analysis conducted on the sample of 64 Polish municipalities. For each of them the main indicators of the level of income inequality, population’s health, the level of social capital and sense of security were computed. The results of the analysis indicated no statistically significant correlation between the level of income inequality and analyzed indicators
The paper aims to carry out a comparative analysis of heating of school facilities under the administration of municipalities in Macedonia, Moldova and Kosovo and to test the factors that affect the heating costs of school facilities. For a definition of the theoretical fundament parts of the theory of fiscal federalism are used. Subsequently five hypotheses are put forward that are verified using the method of benchmarking. The theoretical conclusions and recommendations may be used for a more effective implementation of public policies within the surveyed countries.
The discussion over Šumava National Park and its future not only affects the municipalities in its area, but also many other actors. Local municipalities depend mainly on income from tourism and they often feel that they cannot fully develop; environmentalists, on the other hand, seek to increase the extent of the protected areas. This conflict affects the public discussion and may lead to a change in legislature, coalition disputes, or even the collapse of the government. The paper examines whether it is possible to analyse this conflict using the concept of post-material cleavages. First, the context of the conflict and the main controversial points are presented. Consequently, the attitudes of stakeholders and the most important political consequences are analysed at both local and national level.
The author discusses the legal solutions regarding strategic documents in the field of physical culture and sport, as well as financing of sport by municipalities. She presents available forms of providing services in the field of physical culture by local government units in Poland. She describes municipalities’ sports development programs, examples of municipalities’ measures to increase the level of physical activity and engagement in sports activities of citizens as well as to promote the development of local economies through sport. She also discusses examples of public-private part‑ nerships in sport.
Research background: According to classical labor economics, wage differences among regions of a country that has free-factor mobility should eventually vanish. However, the level of wage inequality among Mexican territories is increasing. The nature and causes of this discrepancy are worth identifying. Purpose of the article: To identify the spatial relationship of wage inequality that existed in the Mexican metropolitan system during the years 2010 and 2015. Methods: We develop a model of wages that considers the interaction between spatial units within a region. Then, we specify a spatial autoregressive model with the average wage per municipality as a dependent variable. This variable is spatially lagged along with other controls such as productivity, schooling, and migration. We combine data from population and economic censuses. Then, we perform a quantile regression to estimate the spatial effect of wage in a region upon quartiles of the wage distribution. Findings & value added: Wage inequality increases within a given region when the average wage increases in one of said region?s municipalities. This phenomenon occurs because in municipalities that are neighbors of the one that enjoys a wage increase, the average wage tends to decrease. The impact is larger in those municipalities whose average wage is in the lower range of the regional wage distribution. Wage inequality is also increased by internal migration and increased productivity. These latter findings are some of the first for Mexico at this aggregation level. A novel aspect of our study is its use of territory as an observation unit for which statistics from population and economic censuses are combined to draw inferences about spatial inequality.
National systems of local government fiscal equalization are composed of many elements. They are based mainly on income criteria. Financial needs of individuals are compared with the financial capacity of other entities. One element of the equalization system is the financial need of municipalities. This article aims to examine the method of calculation of fiscal capacity of the German municipalities.
Article 1 of the Constitution of Liechtenstein mentioned 2 regions Oberland (Upper Country) and Unterland (Lower Country) and 11 municipalities. They play an important constitutional role in the Principality. The municipalities exercise considerable autonomy, encompasses responsibility such as the election of the municipal organs (the highest organ is the Municipal Assem-bly), organization, the determination of municipal taxes and the granting of citizenship. Financial management and municipal accounts are subject to supervision by the Government
This paper investigates whether municipalities in Poland use their municipal companies to increase debt capacity beyond the limitations imposed by the fiscal debt rules. The article presents corporate governance and agency problems on the example of relations between local government units and affiliated companies. We review and link literature on corporate finance, in particular capital structure, and public finance - debt liabilities of municipalities. We analyse a sample of 2,019 observations of municipalities and their municipal companies using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, where explanatory variables were taken from the public and corporate finance (leverage and its determinants). Results show that long-term debt of municipalities is positively associated with the leverage and size of municipal companies, but it is negatively related to their profitability.
In his article, the author presents the most important findings of the audit of the management of the Orlik Playgrounds by municipalities, as well as the results of the questionnaire conducted in 1,686 local self-government units regarding the technical condition of the playgrounds, the employment of sports activities organisers, and public funds allocated to the Orliks. The audit covered the years 2013-2017 (until 16th October 2017).
The article explores the subject of diversification of local tax policy and its fiscal consequences in Poland in 2007–2019. It focuses on various types of municipalities and tax governance tools they use (establishing tax rates, applying tax exemptions and non-statutory reliefs). The analysed taxes include immovable property taxes (property tax, agricultural tax) and movable property ones (tax on means of transport). Theoretical and empirical analyses confirmed the hypotheses. Polish municipalities utilize tax governance tools on a small scale and their taxation policies differ depending on the category of local tax and the type of municipality.
W artykule przedstawiono, w jaki sposób decyzje o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach kształtują rozwój lokalny wybranych gmin. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na gminy położone w strefie oddziaływania dużego miasta (Szczecina) podlegające osobnym procesom gospodarczym i społecznym. Decyzja o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach wykorzystywana być może jako skuteczny instrument zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym i regionalnym w zgodzie z koniecznością zachowania zrównoważonego rozwoju.
EN
Several varied factors have an essential local influence: both economical, social as well as ecological. One of the most crucial instruments in this specific context is the procedure connected with the evaluation of the project's impact on the environment. It concerns both the economic sphere along with the environmental one in both cases causing specific effects. The aim of this article is to define what role, as an instrument shaping the environment and local development, is played by the decisions issued by the executive bodies of the municipalities concerning the environmental conditions in the municipalities of the West Pomeranian area located in the impact zone of Szczecin. The research focuses on the years 2009 and 2010. These are to full years, when the procedure of influencing the environment has been valid for new principles.
The politically motivated distribution of public funding, or porkbarrel politics, occurs for various reasons, one of which is the wish to reward political allies over political rivals. Despite the widespread nature of this practice, research in Central Europe has not yet examined this issue at every level of publication administration. The literature that does exist on this subject has mainly focused on national grant programmes, while less attention has been paid to distribution channels at lower-level administrative units. This article focuses on the distribution of subsidies in the municipalities in the Central Bohemia Region between 2014 and 2016. It uses a binary logistic regression to analyse the factors that lead to an application for a subsidy being supported. A negative binomial regression revealed what factors influence the level of subsidy granted. The results of the analysis show that party ties have a strong effect on the odds of a municipality obtaining a subsidy. This factor, however, has less of an effect on how large a subsidy the municipality obtains, and moreover only does so when the distribution of funding is taking place before an election.
Od władz samorządu terytorialnego oczekuje się działań mających zintegrować społeczność lokalną, podnieść jej świadomość istoty spraw wspólnych i pobudzić odpowiedzialność za sposób ich realizacji. Ale bez inicjatywy i chęci działania samych mieszkańców nawet najlepiej zorganizowane przedsięwzięcia nie zakończą się sukcesem. Mieszkańcy swoją własną aktywnością, zaangażowaniem, zainteresowaniem sprawami ich dotyczącymi gwarantują powstanie i rozwój społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Jedną z jej form jest możliwość inicjatywy uchwałodawczej mieszkańców. Stanowi ona odpowiednik inicjatywy ustawodawczej, ale realizowanej na szczeblu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Zapewnia ona wpływ, wprawdzie pośredni, na kształt prawa miejscowego.
EN
Since local government authorities are expected to undertake activities aimed at integrating the local community, raising its awareness of the essence of common issues, and stimulating responsibility for the way they are implemented. But without citizens’ initiative and willingness to act, even the best-organized undertakings will be unsuccessful. With citizens’ own activity, commitment, and interest in issues concerning them they guarantee establishment and development of civil society. One of its forms is the possibility to adopt resolutions by citizens. It is the equivalent of the legislative initiative, but implemented at the level of local government units. It has influence, although indirect, on the shape the local law.
W artykule przedstawiono analizę i ocenę ustawowej działalności gmin w zakresie tworzenia warunków do zaspokojenia potrzeb mieszkaniowych wspólnoty samorządowej poprzez aktywną politykę dotyczącą ilości, jakości i rozmieszczania przestrzennego budownictwa mieszkaniowego. Posłużono się przy tym informacjami z badań ciągłych Instytutu Rozwoju Miast (Informacje o mieszkalnictwie... 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) prowadzonych w 20 wybranych miastach Polski zróżnicowanych przestrzennie i pod względem liczby ludności. Podjęcie tematu uzasadniały zarówno dane statystyczne dotyczące ogólnej sytuacji mieszkaniowej w Polsce, jak i raport OECD oceniający problem dostępności mieszkań w naszym i innych wybranych krajach europejskich.
EN
The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the statutory activities of municipalities in creating conditions to meet the housing needs of local communities through an active policy on the quantity, quality and distribution. The information used in the article comes from continuous study of Institute of Urban Development (Informacje o mieszkalnictwie… 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) conducted in 20 selected Polish cities which varied spatially and in terms of population. An overall housing situation in Poland and the OECD report assessing the problem of availability of housing in Poland and other selected European countries prove the necessity of analysis of such kind.
The paper deals with the discourse and argumentation of Czech women’s movement on the question of women’s suffrage. It focuses on the example of municipal women’s suffrage and aims to outline how the intersection of class and sex, as categories defining women’s location in the hierarchical power relations, influenced the framing of their argumentation, meaning of the used concepts and their perception of the “enemy”.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja oraz ocena relacji społecznych między władzą samorządową a mieszkańcami (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problemów ochrony środowiska) w gminach województw: śląskiego, wielkopolskiego i podlaskiego. Podstawowymi metodami badawczymi zastosowanymi w artykule były: metoda porównawcza, badania studiów przypadku i metody ankietowe. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzono wśród samorządów terytorialnych i mieszkańców. Głównym źródłem informacji wykorzystanym w artykule były badania ankietowe, które w 2015 roku zrealizowano wśród gmin województw: śląskiego, podlaskiego i wielkopolskiego. Ankietę skierowano do wszystkich gmin powyższych województw, a ogółem uzyskano zwrot 261 ankiet (50,2%). W artykule przedstawiono takie kwestie, jak: przyczyny protestów społecznych i konfliktów ekologicznych w badanych gminach; prowadzenie działań edukacyjnych i promowanie zachowań proekologicznych, a także badań satysfakcji odbiorców usług komunalnych przez analizowane samorządy terytorialne. Uzyskane wyniki pokazały, że najczęściej konflikty ekologiczne w gminach dotyczyły inwestycji w odnawialne źródła energii. Wykazały zarazem braki związane z polityką informacyjno-edukacyjną (ograniczenie się w działaniach do ustawowego minimum), jak również nieprowadzeniem monitoringu usług publicznych świadczonych przez gminy, co przełożyło się na spadek zaufania mieszkańców.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present and assess the social relationships between local authorities and residents (particularly in terms of environmental issues) in the municipalities of Śląskie, Wielkopolskie, and Podlaskie voivodeships. The basic research methods include: comparative research, case studies, and surveys conducted among municipalities and residents. The main source of information was a survey conducted in the municipalities of the three above-mentioned voivodeships in 2015. The survey was addressed to all the municipalities of these provinces, and achieved a total return of 261 questionnaires (50.2%). The paper presents such issues as: causes of social protests and ecological conflicts in surveyed municipalities, educational activities and promotion of ecological behaviour, as well as monitoring satisfaction of buyers of public services by analyzed local governments. The results indicate that the most common ecological conflicts in the communities in question are related to investments in renewable energy sources. They also point to shortcomings in information and education policies (limitation of activities to the statutory minimum) and failure to monitor public services provided by the municipalities, which has undermined public confidence.
The article presents the most important scholarly achievements of Stanisław Podwiński and his views on local government. Podwiński was not only a local government theorist but, above all, practitioner. This is evidenced by his work in various government and local government bodies as well as his instructions on how to elect municipal councillors and members of municipal executive boards as well as village, county and city councillors. The instructions were a kind of signposts showing those organising elections how they should proceed. Podwiński’s instructions were written in a manner that would make them useful not only to state and local government officials, professionally involved in the work of local government, but also to local government activists. The personnel of local government bodies included people who were not always familiar with the scope of responsibilities of the work, which was by no means easy. These publications were to help them discharge their official duties by introducing them to the local government system.
DE
In dem Aufsatz wurden das wichtigste wissenschaftliche Werk von Stanisław Podwiński und seine Ansichten zu der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung gezeigt. Podwiński war nicht nur ein Theoretiker der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung, aber vor allem ein Praktiker. Davon kann sowohl seine Tätigkeit in den Organen der Regierungs- und der Selbstverwaltung, als auch die von ihm vorbereiteten Anweisungen, wie die Gemeinderäte und Mitglieder der Gemeindeverwaltung, der Orts-, Kreis-, und Stadträte zu wählen sind, zeugen. Die Anweisungen waren ein spezifischer Wegweiser, wie die Organe, die die Wahlen durchführen, vorzugehen haben. Die Arbeiten von Podwiński waren derart geschrieben, damit sie nicht nur den Beamten des Staates und der Selbstverwaltung, die beruflich die Arbeit in der Selbstverwaltung ausübten, sondern auch den Selbstverwaltungsaktivisten dienen konnten. In die Organe der Selbstverwaltung kamen Personen, die nicht immer mit dem Bereich dieser Verantwortung und der nicht leichten Arbeit vertraut waren. Die Publikationen sollten ihnen die Ausübung dieser Pflichten erleichtern, indem sie ihnen die Struktur der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung nahe brachten.
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