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Wpływ w stosunkach międzynarodowych

100%
Maj C.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2018
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issue 1
7-20
PL
Influence is synonymous, and sometimes even perceived as equivalent, with power. While power is a relationship of authority and subordination, and hence the decisions of power are of a subordinating nature, influence does not stem from coercion or subordination. Another difference lies in the possibility of mutual interactions between the influencing entities. While a power wielder is of a concentrated  nature (regardless of whether it is an individual or an authority comprised of many people), the influencing entities can also assume deconcentrated forms. There is a potential for mutual dependency. The voluntary nature of subordination should not be ignored. An influencing entity does not have at its disposal the array of decision enforcement instruments which are typical of power. Instead, it uses attractiveness, persuasion, social modelling, systems of values, etc.
2

Otázky ekologickej racionality a pragmatika rečovej komunikácie

75%
Kusá D.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2011
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vol. 55
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issue 1
25-37
EN
Issues of ecological rationality are concerned with psychological criteria of rationality in cognitive processes. Ecological rationality is a key term suggested for an alternative view of relationship between rationality and the phenomena of psychological reality being investigated (Gigerenzer). The study is focused on sociolinguistic conceptions, which define rationality of common talk due to functions of linguistic means and strategies in fulfilling psychological intentions and goals. The analyzed models of common talk (Grice) and common politeness (Brown Levinson) represent shifts from an initial emphasis on logical principles of rational communication to current analyses of psychological environment where language communication takes place. Psychological environment is defined in relationship to the meanings intended and negotiated, to their exchange between social actors in situational contexts of mutuality. Relevance of considerations about cological rationality for interpretation of common talk phenomena is documented by the studies of an irony as a politeness strategy.
3
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IT’S ABOUT TIME: Trying an Essay Film

75%
Bal M.
Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture
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2020
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issue 10
27-48
EN
This essay is about the essay, a form (as Adorno called it) of thought alive that is partial in the two senses of the word: subjective and fragmented. Thinking as social, performative, and always un-finished; as dialogic. Through the mythical figure of Cassandra, who could foresee the future but was cursed to be never believed, I tried to “figure,” make a figural shape for the thoughts on the indifference of people towards the imminent ecological disaster of the world. At the invitation of Jakub Mikurda of the Łódź Film School to come and make an essay film, within one week, but with the participation of many great professionals, I was able to create, at least in the first draft, the essay film IT’S ABOUT TIME! The ambiguity of the title suggests the bringing together of my thoughts about time, in relation to history in its interrelation with the present, and, as the exclamation mark intimates, the urgency to do something. The former is enacted by a tableau vivant of Cassandra’s lover Aeneas as Caravaggio’s John the Baptist, with a contemporary painting by David Reed shifting over it; and by interactions with two paintings by Ina van Zyl. The urgency is presented in many of the dialogues, quoted from various sources, especially Christa Wolf’s novel Cassandra. I argue that “thinking in film,” with film as a medium for thought, is what the essay film’s foremost vocation is. Through a reflection on “thought-images,” which I see as the result of “image-thinking,” I also argue for the intellectual gain to be had from “essaying” thought artistically.
4

Wzajemność w relacji pomocy – perspektywa teoretyczna

63%
Guzy-Steinke H.
Pedagogika Społeczna
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2015 (R. XIV)
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issue 4(58)
21-32
PL
Pomoc jest relacją miedzy osobą pomagającą a wspomaganą. Jest to relacja złożona, na która składa się wiele czynników indywidualnych, społecznych, kulturowych. Ocena zachowania pomocnego jest trudna i niejednoznaczna z punktu widzenia obu stron. Powstaje także problem wzajemności w relacji pomocy. Czy należy być wzajemnym? W jaki sposób wzajemność w relacji pomocy może zostać odczytana?
EN
Assistance is a relation between a person who gives assistance and a person being assisted. It is a complex relationship which consists of numerous individual social and cultural factors. The assessment of the behavior of providing assistance is difficult and ambiguous from both sides’ point of view. Another issue concerns mutuality in relations including assistance. Should it be mutual? How can mutuality in relations including assistance be interpreted?
5
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K reciprocitě adjektiv v češtině

63%
Kettnerová V., Kolářová V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2023
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vol. 84
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issue 3
179-200
EN
This paper aims to extend the knowledge of reciprocity outside the largely examined verbal domain, focusing on the reciprocity of adjectives in Czech. Our main aim is to show how syntactic reciprocalization is applied to constructions of adjectives where one of their valency complementations is subject to a systemic surface ellipsis. We argue that the reciprocity of adjectives is mostly encoded by the same inventory of language means as the reciprocity of verbs, in particular by pluralization of one of the valency complementations affected by reciprocity (where the only difference from verbs is the form mezi ‘between’+Instr) and by an anaphoric expression occupying the other valency complementation involved in reciprocity. The main difference between the formal marking of verbal and adjectival constructions lies in the fact that adverbials (e.g., navzájem ‘mutually’), serving as the so-called specifiers in reciprocal constructions of verbs, often take over the role of the primary marker of reciprocity in adjectival constructions. Further, we show that – similarly to verbs – adjectives bearing the semantic feature of mutuality require less linguistic marking in their reciprocal constructions, relying on pluralization only, while reciprocal constructions of adjectives without this feature are marked by both pluralization and an anaphoric expression or adverbials.
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Ke způsobům vyjádření vzájemnosti v češtině:

51%
Kettnerová V., Lopatková M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2020
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vol. 81
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issue 4
243-268
EN
In this paper, we introduce an inventory of language means that express the semantic feature of mutuality in Czech verbal constructions. Based on the results of recent typological surveys, we distinguish between lexical and grammatical means. The lexical means include a limited group of inherently reciprocal verbs with the feature of mutuality in their lexical meaning. The grammatical means involved in the syntactic operation of reciprocalization are primarily used by a large group of verbs to which we refer as syntactic reciprocal verbs; these means involve (i) the reflexive personal pronoun se/sebe, si/sobě, sebou, (ii) the expression jeden – druhý ‘each other’, and (iii) adverbials. While the use of the grammatical means is obligatory for expressing mutuality with syntactic reciprocal verbs, it is often only optional for inherently reciprocal verbs. We thoroughly describe various functions that these language means have in encoding mutuality in Czech.
7

Examining the Dialogical Principle in Marek Siemek’s Legacy

51%
Nowak E.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2016
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issue 2
157-180
EN
The paper examines the evolution of Marek Siemek’s “dialogical principle.” The early version of this principle, sketched in the essay “Dialogue and Its Myth” (1974), meets several criteria of the phenomenology of dialogue and even hermeneutics. How-ever, Siemek has continued to change his concept of dialogue over the decades. In his recent book, Freedom, Reason, Intersubjectivity (2002), he explores transcendental preconditions of free and reasonable activism, i.e., the Fichtean “limitative synthesis” of I and Non-I and its applications in social interrelations. He no longer considers the em-pirical, anthropological, and phenomenological aspects of dialogics and mutual recogni-tion. He also replaces mutuality with reciprocity, asymmetry with symmetry, and phe-nomenology with transcendentalism.
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