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EN
The aim of the studies was an assessment of causal thinking at preschool children on the basis of the experimental picture arrangement task (concerning making picture stories up from the unordered pictures). The task was differentiated on account of the number of pictures which constituted particular stories (the shortest stories made up from 4, the longest – of 6 pictures) and on account of the temporal distance of presented events. It was assumed that stories with some distant consequences should be more difficult than stories which presented the direct consequences of the events. The hypothesis was confirmed. Both in the group of 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds, stores depicting the distant consequences of presented events, turned out to be the most difficult.
PL
Celem badań była ocena myślenia logicznego u dzieci przedszkolnych na podstawie zadania polegającego na ułożeniu historyjek obrazkowych z szeregu nieuporządkowanych obrazków. Zadanie było zróżnicowane ze względu na liczbę obrazków tworzących poszczególne historie (najkrótsze historie składały się z 4, a najdłuższe z 6 obrazków) oraz następstwo czasowe prezentowanych wydarzeń. Założono, że historie prezentujące odległe konsekwencje wydarzeń będą dla dzieci trudniejsze niż historie, których skutki mają charakter bezpośredni. Hipoteza się potwierdziła. Zarówno w grupie dzieci cztero-, jak i pięcioletnich najtrudniejsze okazały się historie przedstawiające odległe skutki zaprezentowanych zdarzeń.
EN
In his texts, Stanisław Lem on one hand takes into consideration ambiguity, polyinterpretation and muddying of contextual and connotative nature of a natural language. On the other hand, he takes into account evolutionary character of that state of affairs, that is to say the natural language (in its abundance of variants) is the one and particular so that a man is capable of notionally grasping the continuously changing world of nature and culture. This last aspect is especially crucial because, firstly, a language forms the basis of culture. Secondly, it allows to understand and express humans’ knowledge about the world — and this knowledge is continuously developing and complicating itself. In this text I elaborate on the above mentioned Lem’s position on the natural language, I also introduce interconnected notions of ‘semantic scale of languages’ and ‘hierarchy of lines of thought’. The last one comprises three stages: (1) pre-set thinking (pre-logical), (2) logical thinking, (3) creative thinking (intuitive). Each of the mentioned lines of thought is characterized by a corresponding language with definite features.
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