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Moulds – friends or enemies?

100%
Paramonova O. A., Tylicki A.
Edukacja Biologiczna i Środowiskowa
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2018
|
issue 1
8-16
EN
Moulds are common in our habitat and play significant role in the economy and household. The aim of the article is the indication of selected benefits and threats of moulds present in human environment. The main benefits are: antibiotic synthesis (e.g β-lactam antibiotics production), moulds application in food industry (e.g. mouldy cheese production) and industrial biotechnology (e.g. organic acids synthesis). Threats which are related with moulds presence in our environment are diseases of respiratory system, skin as well as allergies and also possibility of food contamination by mycotoxins synthesized by moulds which can cause animal and people poisoning. The main factors which increase exposure of people to adverse effects of moulds are high moisture, inefficient room ventilation and incorrect storage of resources for food production. Taking care of living quarters technical condition and appropriate control of quality and food storage conditions as well as raw materials for its production, we can reduce undesirable moulds effects.
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The capability of fungi isolated from moldy dwellings to produce toxins

86%
Jeżak K., Kozajda A., Sowiak M., Brzeźnicki S., Bonczarowska M., Szadkowska-Stańczyk I.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2016
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vol. 29
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issue 5
823-836
EN
Objectives The main objective was analysis and assessment of toxinogenic capabilities of fungi isolated from moldy surfaces in residential rooms in an urban agglomeration situated far from flooded areas in moderate climate zone. Material and Methods The assessment of environmental exposure to mycotoxins was carried out in samples collected from moldy surfaces in form of scrapings and airborne dust from 22 moldy dwellings in winter season. In each sample 2 mycotoxins were analyzed: sterigmatocystin and roquefortine C produced by Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum, respectively. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in: scrapings from moldy surfaces, mixture of all species of fungi cultured from scrapings on microbiological medium (malt extract agar), pure cultures of Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum cultured from scrapings on microbiological medium; mycotoxins in the indoor air dust were also analyzed. Results The production of sterigmatocystin by individual strains of Aspergillus versicolor cultured on medium was confirmed for 8 of 13 isolated strains ranging 2.1–235.9 μg/g and production of roquefortine C by Penicillium chrysogenum for 4 of 10 strains ranging 12.9–27.6 μg/g. In 11 of 13 samples of the mixture of fungi cultured from scrapings, in which Aspergillus versicolor was found, sterigmatocystin production was at the level of 3.1–1683.2 μg/g, whereas in 3 of 10 samples in which Penicillium chrysogenum occurred, the production of roquefortine C was 0.9–618.9 μg/g. The analysis did not show in any of the tested air dust and scrapings samples the presence of analyzed mycotoxins in the amount exceeding the determination limit. Conclusions The capability of synthesis of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor and roquefortine C by Penicillium chrysogenum growing in mixtures of fungi from scrapings and pure cultures in laboratory conditions was confirmed. The absence of mycotoxins in scrapings and air dust samples indicates an insignificant inhalatory exposure to mycotoxins among inhabitants in moldy flats of urban agglomeration situated far from flooded territories. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):823–836
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Mycotoxin – induced apoptosis in swine kidney epithelial cells

86%
Chrustek A., Twarużek M., Zastempowska E., Grajewski J.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae
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2016
EN
Apoptosis, as the programmed cell death, plays a significant role in proper functioning of an organism, both in the postnatal period and during embryogenesis. Disturbances in this process can lead to the occurrence of several dysfunctions, e.g. cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and others. Apoptosis can be triggered by factors such as oxidative stress, free radicals, UV radiation and cytotoxic drugs, but also mycotoxins, e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and trichothecenes. These toxins are produced primarily by fungi of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Stachybotrys genera. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of mycotoxins on the occurrence of apoptosis in the swine kidney (SK) epithelial cells. For this purpose, trichothecene T2 toxin was used at a concentration of 2.5 µM and 25 µM, aflatoxin B1 at a dose of 10 µM and 30 µM, and ochratoxin A concentrations of 50 µM and 80 µM. The results were assessed using flow cytometer Muse Cell Analyzer (Merck). Studies have shown high sensitivity of the cell line SK on mycotoxins. Apoptosis was caused by all kinds of toxins and depended on the dose of examined substance. T2 toxin at a concentration of 2.5 µM caused apoptosis in 6.9% of the cells, whereas at a concentration of 25 µM in 26.35% of the cells. Aflatoxin B1 used at concentrations of 10 µM and 30 µM caused apoptosis in 13.5% and 40.6% of the cells, respectively. The use of ochratoxin A in concentrations of 50 µM and 80 µM caused the occurrence of apoptosis respectively in 68.51% and 60.41% of the cells.
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