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Język tekstów mistycznych w języku religijnym. Propozycja klasyfikacji

100%

Rutkowska I.

Filologia Polska. Roczniki Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego

2023

vol. 9

159-174

This article aims to show the place of mystical texts in classifying religious language. First, we had to define such terms as the language of the mystic and mystical text’s language. Then we had to expose the classifications known in theolinguistics. A confrontation of these issues with the philology knowledge pictured the significant differences. The work, the mystical masterpiece in the philology eye, does not have the same theological value. In catholic theology, the main criterion of appraisement of the mystical text is the relationship between the author and God – not the lexical level. Based on this criterion, we can divide the mystical works into the texts consequence of contact with God, texts designed to contact with God, testimonies of such relationship and those which aim to teach about God. The level of these works’ mysticism depends on the author’s spirituality, morality and coherence with Bible and catholic instruction. What is the place of mystical texts in the religious texts? Very similar to the site where the mystical experience takes in the religious experience. We can notice the specific graduation – from the testimony of the contact with God “face to face”, through the description of the spiritual experience, to the text where God is just the story’s object.

Celem artykułu jest określenie, jakie miejsce w klasyfikacji języka religijnego może zajmować język tekstów mistycznych. Na początku zostały zdefiniowane pojęcia typu język mistyki, tekst mistyczny oraz opisane dotychczas stworzone klasyfikacje. Następnie skonfrontowano je z wiedzą filologiczną. Wykazało to znaczne różnice w rozumieniu pojęcia tekst mistyczny. Dla teologii bowiem główne kryterium oceny tekstu zależne jest od rodzaju relacji człowieka (autora) do Boga, a nie tylko od rodzaju użytego stylu czy zasobu słownictwa. Na tej podstawie można podzielić mistyczne dzieła na wynikające z kontaktu z Bogiem; na te, które służą do kontaktu z Bogiem; te, które są świadectwem kontaktu z Bogiem, oraz te, które służą do nauczania o Bogu. Inaczej też wygląda ocena ‘mistyczności’ tekstu – zależy ona w Kościele dodatkowo od poziomu duchowości i moralności autora, od zgodności treści z przesłaniem Biblii i nauki Kościoła. Natomiast odpowiedź na pytanie o miejsce, jakie zajmują teksty mistyczne pośród tekstów religijnych, zawarta jest poniekąd w odpowiedzi na pytanie o miejsce, jakie posiada doświadczenie mistyczne pośród doświadczeń religijnych. Podział takich dzieł ukazuje stopniowanie – od tekstu będącego świadectwem bezpośredniego kontaktu z Bogiem (poprzez objawienie, wizje, rozmowę), przez zapis doświadczenia religijnego, po tekst, w którym Bóg i sacrum są tylko przedmiotem opisu.

Pojęcie miłosierdzia w „Dzienniczku” św. Faustyny Kowalskiej (część I)

80%

Rutkowska I.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

2015

vol. 24

issue 4

71-89

All the contexts of the usage of the lexeme “mercy” in the “Diary” by saint Faustina give it a new semantic field and they stretch the term “mercy” onto all types of God’s activity – from the creation of the world to the salvation of mankind. It shows that the author anticipated the intuitions of the Second Vatican Council and contemporary research on this Christian notion, which has not been fully presented and understood yet. For theologians many phrases can be clear evidence that the massage of this text must have come from the revelation, for example such expressions as “depths of tenderness”, “the bosom of the Father”. For a theologian and biblical scholar it is a clear reference to Hebrew rahamīm, about which Faustina could not know. The expression “the bosom of the Father” is rarely used in religious texts even mystical ones. The image of mercy and attitudes one can adopt in relation to it point out mainly to one notion – worshipping the Divine Mercy. This image is proven by the research of key words – they focus on the priority of worshipping over other attitudes, even over the attitude of trust which is so often mentioned. Semantic transgressions can be noticed in the texts – shifts of the meaning, which are a particular characteristic of mystical writings. In this research those shifts refer to a semantic field of a lexeme “worship”. They also show that phrases describing a relationship of “mercy” “man – man” where included to a semantic field describing the relationship “man – God” and they mainly refer to the semantic scope of a lexeme “mercy”. The “Diary” clearly breaks with a common dictionary-based negative image of a situation of humiliating inequality which could be generated by showing mercy. According to Faustina’s text lowering of God to man and, similarly, of man to another man is aimed at making those people and their positions equal, entering into deep mutual participation and experiencing the same situation. Thus, showing mercy does not create a chasm between the giver and recipient but it annuls it. Such a wide semantic field exceeds a stereotypical (or prototypical) Christian image of mercy, which is mostly limited to a model of the merciful Samaritan or the father of a prodigal son, of Caritas foundation or religious orders which help the sick and the poor. According to the “Diary” every God’s activity demonstrates mercy, every action of Jesus as presented in the gospels, every healing, every meeting with people (with Nicodemus, Mary Magdalene, with a young man from Nain), a selection of disciples and the sermon on the mountain. We should include there a description of the creation of the world, events with the Babel tower and the flood. However if we made a survey and presented three images: of Christmas, of the Samaritan leaning over a dying man on the way from Jericho and the scene of Resurrection and if we asked which picture illustrated the Divine Mercy, people would most often point out the second image. For Faustina, however, there is no greater manifestation of mercy than the incarnation and resurrection. The issue of sacraments is treated in a similar way. The “Diary” points out that one should not look for the elements of mercy in the Eucharist but that the whole Eucharist should be interpreted as a gift of the Divine Mercy. It cannot be said, for example, that confession is more the image of mercy that baptism, confirmation or Eucharist. Undoubtedly, it can be perceived in this way due to existing stereotypes. This research, though it seems vast, is only an introduction to a more detailed analysis (hence a note at the title – part 1)

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1 Filologia Polska. Roczniki Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego

1 Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

2 Rutkowska I.

1 2023

1 2015

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Język tekstów mistycznych w języku religijnym. Propozycja klasyfikacji

Pojęcie miłosierdzia w „Dzienniczku” św. Faustyny Kowalskiej (część I)