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Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

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Šichová K., Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2016
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vol. 98
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issue 2
241-253
EN
Among linguists there is a lively interest in phraseology, which is still a relatively young branch of linguistics. However, its basic descriptive application, phraseography, whose task is to collect and describe phraseological expressions of a given language, is still a rather neglected area, at least in terms of integrating theory into practice. The paper reports on two relatively modern phraseological dictionaries of German and takes up the question of their user-friendliness. It examines the notion of phraseme in these dictionaries against the background of František Čermák’s conception of phraseology. Unsurprisingly, it turns out that both dictionaries are in need of substantial improvements if they are to become really effective tools for resolving language problems, which is the essential function of every dictionary. Nonetheless, some of the special features of Deutsche Idiomatik by Hans Schemann deserve recognition and make the dictionary exceptional. For this reason, the paper voices the need for a discussion of Schemann’s phraseographical works in Czech linguistics, or, more precisely, in Czech phraseography. In addition, the paper comments on DUDEN 11: Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik which is probably the most popular German dictionary of this type.
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Několik poznámek ke zpracování slovotvorných elementů v překladovém slovníku

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Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2020
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vol. 102
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issue 1
102-117
EN
The aim of this paper is to reflect on a lexicographical work that can be regarded as exceptional (not only in the context of German-Russian lexicography), and to show how its concept could be refined for a new bilingual dictionary of word-forming elements. The Slovar’ slovoobrazovatel’nyh elementov nemeckogo iazyka (SSENI, M. D. Stepanova et al., 1979) can be characterized as a specialized bilingual word-formation dictionary containing 770 entries of word-forming elements of contemporary German and listing Russian equivalents of the respective lexical items. The paper offers a short discussion of word-forming elements in the framework of monolingual and translation lexicography, from the perspective of both general and specialized (word formation) dictionaries. After this exposition, the paper focuses on the characteristics and description of the approach taken by the SSENI. It is posited that the dictionary is outstanding in many respects and that it can, even forty years after its publication, serve as an inspiration for similar dictionaries of other language pairs. Along with the analysis of the SSENI, the paper puts forward some specific suggestions for the treatment of wordforming elements.
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Překladatelské problémy a posuny v překladu Umění překladu do němčiny: srovnávací analýza

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Getta J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2021
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vol. 103
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issue 2
244-261
EN
The paper focuses on analysis of the Czech original work Umění překladu (The Art of Translation) in comparison with its German translation. The Czech original came out in 1963 and it soon became an object of widespread international attention. It was first translated into German in 1969. Since the Czech original was largely based on Czech culture and literature, the translation required adaptation for the German readership, including extensive editing on linguistic as well as pragmatic levels. This was done by the author together with the German translator Walter Schamschula. The article overviews the genesis of the German translation and compares the two versions, mainly focusing on translation problems met and shifts made during the translation process.
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MERLIN: Multilingvální platforma pro evropské referenční úrovně

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Štindlová B., Čurdová V.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2015
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vol. 97
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issue 2
190-200
EN
The paper provides an overview of the motivation, development and major principles of the international project Merlin. The main output of this project is a unique trilingual learner corpus consisting of German, Italian and Czech. The corpus will be available as an online platform illustrating the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) with authentic learner data and enabling users to explore authentic written learner productions and related metadata (e.g. age, first language of the learner, etc.). Each text in the corpus is linguistically analysed during the multiphase error annotation. This process raises some problematic issues concerning the particularly specific character of Czech as a Slavic language. The paper summarises some of these problems and their possible solutions.
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Kookurenční databanka CCDB jako nástroj kontrastivní analýzy a překladu z češtiny do němčiny

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Kloudová V., Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2013
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vol. 95
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issue 1
39-51
EN
The paper deals with the possibilities of the co‑ occurrence database CCDB for translation from Czech into German. The analysis is carried out on two practical examples (rukopis and opačný) which are difficult for translators as there is no proper German or Czech‑ German dictionary that would include collocations based on language use. These collocations would help in many cases more than a (often too vague) general description of the meaning or a list of lexicographic synonyms. That is why this paper offers a combination of two approaches: a dictionary search combined with a CCDB analysis which can reveal tendencies in language use.
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K lexikografickému zpracování tabuových slov

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Šemelík M., Lišková M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2019
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vol. 80
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issue 1
39-57
EN
The present study addresses primarily the question of how vulgarisms are treated in various dictionaries, classifying taboo words into four main classes (etymological, euphemistic, terminological, and informal/vulgar). The main focus here is on sexual vulgarisms, as sexuality can be regarded as a multifaceted taboo established by various factors such as religion, psychology and the like. Our claim is that there exist certain taboo mechanisms within the lexicographic process that influence the design of particular dictionary entries. Supported by original research, our study illustrates how these mechanisms apply in the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary and the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. Challenges in the description of vulgarisms, e.g. orthography, definition or exemplification, are presented. It is posited that the user aspect must be given enhanced status within the dictionary-making process and that lexicographers often have to base their decisions on common sense rather than a general methodology that often cannot account for various special cases and exceptions.
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Komunikační funkce věty a modalita v Česko-německé srovnávací gramatice Františka Štíchy

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Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2017
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vol. 99
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issue 1
113-127
EN
This grammaticographic study deals with the communicative function of sentences and modality from a Czech-German contrastive perspective. The object under scrutiny is František Štícha’s CzechGerman Contrastive Grammar (2nd edition, 2015), one of the milestones of Czech-German contrastive linguistic analysis. The study focuses mainly on greeting formulas, modi, modal verbs, modal words and modal particles. It adresses the question as to how deficiences identified in the description of these phenomena in Czech-German Contrastive Grammar could be remedied. Crucially, special attention is devoted to the user aspect.
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Karel IV. a čeština

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Hasil J.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue Zvláštní číslo 2017
23-33
EN
The text focuses on different aspects of the relation of Charles IV of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, to the Czech language and other languages. As is well known, Charles IV mastered German, Czech, French, Italian and Latin, in both oral and written forms. He was also the author of many literary works (autobiography, legend, parts of chronicles, legal literature). In the Golden Bull (the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire), Charles IV set the Czech language as one of the three official languages of the Empire (together with German and Italian), promoted literature written in Czech and initiated the creation of Klaretovy slovníky. He sponsored the foundation of the Emmaus Monastery in Prague and its scriptorium, where numerous texts in Old Slavonic were created.
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Rodinná korespondence Karla Havlíčka v českých překladech:

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Kukrechtová B.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 3
132-145
EN
This paper analyzes the Czech translations of Karel Havlíček’s German letters carried out by Ladislav Quis (1903) and Miroslav Novotný (1941), and the revisions made by Jaroslava Janáčková (1995) to Novotný’s translation. In the introduction, the present-day situation concerning the publication of Havlíček’s correspondence is outlined. The analysis itself focuses in particular on the possible influence of the original language on the translations and the tendency to avoid such an influence. Therefore, in the theoretical parts of the individual chapters, some terminology regarding German grammar is explained. The language resources used by individual translators are also compared with the means common at the time of translation and in Havlíček’s Czech letters to determine the extent to which the respective translations display the tendency to archaize or modernize the language. The data obtained serve as a basis for determining the impression that the writer in the Czech letters and in the translations from German are the same person.
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A typology of contact phenomena in medieval personal names (A historical onomastic survey based on medieval documents from Hungary):

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Slíz M.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
361-374
EN
Medieval Hungary was a multicultural country: beside the Hungarian majority it also had Turkic, German, Slavic, Walloon, Italian, etc. inhabitants. Although the majority of medieval documents were written in Latin, there are a number of charters written in other languages, such as German. This cultural and linguistic diversity provides an opportunity to investigate contact phenomena among different languages based on personal name phrases. The paper outlines the methodological adaptability and the limits of using given names, bynames or family names and name phrases in the investigation of contact phenomena. It introduces language and discourse contact phenomena on the level of spelling and orthography and the morphology and syntax of name phrases, based upon examples from charters written in Latin and German.
CS
Maďarsko bylo ve středověku multikulturní zemí: vedle maďarské většiny zde žili také obyvatelé turkického, germánského, slovanského, valonského, italského aj. původu. Ačkoli většina středověkých dokumentů byla psána latinsky, dochovalo se i mnoho listin v dalších jazycích, např. v němčině. Tato kulturní a jazyková diverzita poskytuje příležitost prozkoumat projevy jazykového kontaktu mezi různými jazyky na základě osobních jmen dochovaných v tomto materiálu. Článek se zabývá metodologickými možnostmi a omezeným využitím rodných jmen, příjmí nebo příjmení a jmenných spojení ve výzkumu kontaktních jevů. Představuje (pro)jevy jazykového kontaktu v jazyce a diskurzu na úrovni ortografie, morfologie a syntaxe jmenných spojení a vychází při tom z příkladů zapsaných v listinách latinsky nebo německy.
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Vícejazyčnost literárního života v českých zemích 14. a 15. století : Sedm tematických exkurzů v rámci bohemistiky

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Sichálek J.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 6
711-744
EN
Seven short case studies chart the issues surrounding multilingualism in 14th and 15th century Bohemical literature: I) Czech as a „corpus delicti“, II) The alternation of Czech an German in the Latin language kontext, III) Mulitilingualism in practice: between polylingualism and liguistic interference, IV) Multilingualism: mise en forme and mise en page, V) Mélange as a poetic technique, VI) Multilingualism as a literary motif, VII) Literary history versus Bohemical multilingual literature. In addition to the relations between Latin, Czech and German, the author also takes into account Hebrew, Polish, Slovak and Old Church Slavonic, drawing attention inter alia to the need to correct blanket statements about trilingual literary life in the medieval Czech lands.
CS
Studie mapuje v sedmi případových studiích problematiku vícejazyčnosti bohemikálního písemnictví 14. a 15. století: I. Čeština jako „corpus delicti“, II. Alternace češtiny a němčiny v latinskojazyčném kontextu, III. Vícejazyčnost v praxi: mezi polylingvností a jazykovou interferencí, IV. Vícejazyčnost: mise en forme a mise en page, V. Melanž jako poetická technika, VI. Vícejazyčnost jako literární motiv, VII. Literární dějepis versus bohemikální vícejazyčné písemnictví. Vedle vztahů latiny, češtiny a němčiny si autor všímá také hebrejštiny, polštiny, slovenštiny a církevní slovanštiny a upozorňuje mimo jiné na potřebu korigovat en bloc formulovaná tvrzení o trojjazyčném literárním životě středověkých českých zemí.
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