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EN
The main purpose of the article is to supplement the philospohy of Emmanuel Levinas with the conception of fear. The analysis of certain expressions used in the works of Levinas leads the author to the conclusion that the ethical relation to the face of the Other causes irreversable changes in the self. Jaranowski considers two types of reaction to nakedness (Levinas describes the face of the Other as “naked”) and puts emphasis on the negative one – nakedness is something that should not be exposed, it causes anxiety. The question of nakedness casts light on the problem of the call from the Other as a kind of interruption. For one can not predict all the consequences of responding to the call from the face of the Other. Finally author claims that there is a kind of fear that has its subject in moral obligation as such.  
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EN
The paper focuses on the previously unexplored topic of various forms of nudity in Sienkiewicz’s writing. The writer’s entire literary output is reviewed here, with special reference to novels (Quo vadis in particular is notorious for a plethora of sadistic erotic scenes). Given the writer’s extraordinary talent for seduction and his creative capabilities, the paper looks into images that could have been considered indecent at that time andwere prudently hushed up. The following modules: Collective nudity and mutilated nudity, Separate naked bodies, Diana at a water fountain, Human statues, and Naked manhood look at Sienkiewicz’s depiction of corporeality, eroticism, and sexuality, which, combined with cruelty, recur to reveal the writer’s intimate fantasies. The figures commonly used by Sienkiewicz in his works making recourse to mythology and other cultural texts include animalisation, reification, hyperbole, and synecdoche; they are particularly refined when it comes to nudity.
EN
Shame is a feeling, it is definable in the areas of psychology, history of culture, and customs in the analyses of the history of religion and ethics. Shame defines the relationship between the object of shame and the subject of this feeling and, ultimately, the subject may not feel ashamed because of an act or a fact, which is not, for him or a certain moral and religious community, understood as a reason for shame. A slightly different, but also related to the concept of ‘shame ‘, is the notion of ‘bashfulness’ understood as a human capability to feel shame to the same extent as the pursuit of other virtues: love, being sensible, faith, chastity, hope, but also humility, modesty and silence. ‘Bashfulness ‘ is an integral part of the condition of a decent, fair and noble life, which in the Roman social education was defined by one common virtue – ‘virtus ‘, known in Greece as ‘arete’. The Christian understanding of virtues and vices, described by Prudentius and later on studied in detail in various texts and works of art by E. Saxl, and A. Katzenellenbogen, specified in detail both virtues and vices at the same time following ancient models. The author undertakes the analysis of the phenomenon of ‘shame’ in the visualisation of Christian, especially medieval, art starting from the accounts of important biblical citations on the ‘shame’ theme. Then she attempts to point out stage images illustrating the religious or moral problem of shame commonly referred to nudity, which, however, is not a proper understanding of shame and bashfulness. The study focuses on selected issues: personification of shame and on the events (described in the Old Testament) which imply shame. The selected images are illustrations of Genesis cycle where the First Parents’ feeling of embarrassment was depicted. The author indicates the sources of ancient compositions of the Aphrodite statue- -Venus Pudica, which developed the topos of ‘shame’ and ‘bashfulness’ imagery. This type of nudity constitutes a distinctive programme of gestures, movement, counterpose and the composition of the head. They are a clear visualisation of the female ideal – of virtues, including the virtue of an ideal love that was associated with bashfulness. The validity of this theme in Italian medieval art, especially in Nicola and Giovanni Pisanos’ works, was pointed out. The personifications of virtues: Venus Pudica or Hercules shown on reliefs in pulpits in Pisa, confirm the validity of the theme of ‘bashfulness’ in medieval art. In the cathedral sculpture, on the outer facades, the sets of virtues and vices used to be depicted, and they were supposed to be addressed to the wide audience of urban publikum. The author of the study pointed out the reliefs of cathedral facades in Paris, Amiens, Magdeburg in which the virtues, including the virtue of shame, had been presented. The columns in the Church of the Norbertine monastery in Strzelno are of great significance for European art. The author also suggested a new iconographic interpretation for the naked figure of Venus pucica. The second field of research is the issue of narrative scenes, the visualisations of nudity based on the Bible, that constitute a positive sense of understanding naked figures in Christian art: Bathsheba in bath, the dancing King David, the suffering Job and the naked, drunken Noah. The author focuses on the analysis of the complex and non-uniformly presented Adam and Eve’s narrative of the feeling of shame. The moments when they experience the feeling of shame and their nudity for the first time are diversified. The author of the Book of Genesis does not mention first parents’ other feelings in paradise, the only statement is the lack of being ashamed of their body at the moment of creation and then the experience of shame after the original sin. The author included more extensive research on the visualisation of the Genesis narrative in her book Human Corporeality in the medieval Italian painting, Vol.I, Lublin 2012. The experience of the first parents’ embarrassment when recognising their nudity was, at the same time, the experience of a permanent virtue of bashfulness. In the Italian series of Genesis imaging the parents experience grace due to the shame they suffered. Additional scenes, which were introduced into cyclical narratives of Genesis and which confirm the meaning of Divine Mercy in the cycle ending the creation of man, are pointed out in the study
PL
Artykuł dotyczy analizy prawnej art. 191a kk wprowadzonego ustawą z dnia 5 listopada 2009 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks karny, ustawy – Kodeks postępowania karnego, ustawy – Kodeks karny wykonawczy, ustawy – Kodeks karny skarbowy oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Ten przepis dotyczy utrwalania wizerunku nagiej osoby lub osoby w trakcie czynności seksualnej, przy użyciu wobec niej przemocy, groźby bezprawnej lub podstępu, albo rozpowszechnia bez jej zgody wizerunku nagiej osoby lub osoby w trakcie czynności seksualnej. Zachowania takie mają miejsce także wobec małoletnich, a ich sprawcami bywają rówieśnicy pokrzywdzonych.
EN
This paper presents a legal analysis of Article 191a of the Penal Code, included in the Act of 5 Nov 2009 on amending the following acts: the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Executive Penal Code, the Fiscal Penal Code, and several other laws. This regulation concerns recording images of a naked person or a person engaging in a sexual act, by use of violence, unlawful threat or deceit, or disseminating images of a naked person or a person engaging in a sexual act without his or her permission. Such behaviours affect minors, too, and some of the perpetrators are the victims’ peers.
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Nagość w reklamie społecznej

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PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie sposobów wykorzystywania nagości w reklamie społecznej. Analizie poddano wybrane przykłady 120 kampanii społecznych, których wspólnym mianownikiem było korzystanie z nagości jako formy perswazji i przekazu. Materiał analizowano za pomocą jakościowych metod (analiza treści, socjologia wizualna). Nagie wizerunki w reklamie społecznej nawiązują do tematyki poruszanej w reklamie bezpośrednio, pośrednio. Część prezentowanej nagości nie jest związana z tematyką i pełni wówczas podobne funkcje jak w reklamie komercyjnej – ma sprzyjać pozytywnym skojarzeniom odbiorców z ideą czy organizacją. Artykuł zawiera autorską propozycję typologii sposobów wykorzystywania nagości w reklamach społecznych. W reklamie społecznej częściej twórcy posługują się treściami i formami przekazu, które mają w odbiorcach wywołać awersję, szok, zaskoczenie. Także w reklamie społecznej wykorzystuje się częściej wizerunki osób młodych. Jednak to w reklamie społecznej więcej jest naturalistycznych, niedoskonałych obrazów ciał.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the ways of using nakedness in social advertising. 120 selected examples of social campaigns in which nakedness was used as a form of persuasion and communication were analysed. Qualitative methods of analysis were used (content analysis, visual sociology). Naked images in social advertising refer to the topics presented in the advertisement directly and indirectly. Nakedness is not always related to the subject and its functions are sometimes the same as in a commercial advertising – they should strengthen the positive connotations of the idea or organization. The article contains the author’s typology of the ways of using nakedness in social advertising. In social advertising authors often use a content and forms of communication that are intended to awake such emotions as aversion, shock or surprise. Images of young people are also presented more often. However, the images of their bodies are more naturalistic and more imperfect than in commercial advertising.
EN
The aim of this work is to analyze the crime of fixing and distributing the image of a naked person or a person during the sexual act. On the basis of the analysis, the author will answer the question whether the introduction of the offence referred to in Article 191a of the Polish Penal Code was necessary and appropriate, and additionally, whether – according to the legislator’s assumptions – this regulation will counteract the increase of this phenomenon. 
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza przestępstwa utrwalania i rozpowszechniania wizerunku nagiej osoby lub osoby w trakcie czynności seksualnej. Na jej podstawie autor sformułuje odpowiedź na pytanie, czy wprowadzenie przestępstwa określonego w przepisie art. 191a k.k. było zabiegiem słusznym i koniecznym. Ponadto oceni, czy analizowana regulacja stała się, zgodnie z założeniami ustawodawcy, remedium na przeciwdziałanie wzrostowi tego zjawiska.
Nurt SVD
|
2020
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issue 2
261-274
PL
Teologia ciała Jana Pawła II zawiera głęboką refleksję antropologiczną i stanowi wnikliwą analizę prawdy o ludzkiej seksualności. Kluczem hermeneutycznym tej teologii jest antropologia adekwatna. W artykule omówione zostało zagadnienie nagości zawarte w teologii ciała. Doświadczenie ciała i jego nagości odsłania się tu w perspektywie postrzegania stworzenia jako pierwotnego daru Stwórcy. Pierwotne doświadczenie nagości oznaczało pełną harmonię osób. Po grzechu pierworodnym zaistniało doświadczenie wstydu, będące skutkiem uświadomionej nagości. Nagość doświadczona przed Bogiem to egzystencjalny dramat człowieka; drogą do przezwyciężenia wstydu nagości jest doświadczenie miłości Boga. Ona prowadzi do odtwarzania pierwotnej niewinności, którą należy rozumieć jako „czystość serca”. Realizuje się ona jako dar uczestnictwa w naturze Chrystusa Zmartwychwstałego i tworzy „etos odkupienia ciała”.
EN
John Paul II’s theology of the body contains a deep anthropological reflection and is a thorough analysis of the truth concerning human sexuality. The hermeneutic key of this theology is adequate anthropology. The article discusses the issue of nakedness included in the theology of the body. The experience of the body and its nakedness is revealed in the perspective of perceiving creation as the original gift of the Creator. The primary experience of nakedness meant full harmony of persons. After original sin, there was an experience of shame being a consequence of conscious nakedness. Nakedness experienced before God is an existential drama of man; the way to overcome the shame of nakedness is to experience God’s love. It leads to the reconstruction of the original innocence, which should be understood as “purity of heart”. It is realized as a gift of participation in the nature of the Risen Christ and creates a “flesh redemption ethos”.
PL
Artykuł Andrzeja Pitrusa jest poświęcony obecności marginalizowanego motywu – aktów matek artystów i artystek. Trop ten pojawia się w sztuce wizualnej nieczęsto, stanowiąc jedno z jej ostatnich tabu. Omówione w tekście prace mierzą się z nim na różne sposoby. Twórcy analizowanych dzieł eksplorują rożne sfery – dla jednych nagość ciała matki jest pretekstem do badania relacji między pokoleniami, dla innych pozwala zmierzyć się z kliszami popkultury, jeszcze inni wkraczają w sferę seksualności. Andrzej Pitrus sięga po przykłady z szeroko rozumianej sfery sztuk wizualnych: filmu, fotografii, video artu i instalacji.
EN
Andrzej Pitrus’ article is about the presence of the marginalised motif of acts of artists’ mothers. This theme is not common in visual art, as it is one of the remaining taboos. The works discussed in the article deal with this taboo in different ways. Creators of the works analysed explore various spheres – for some mother’s nakedness is a pretext for exploring intergenerational relations, for others it is a way of dealing with pop culture clichés, while some examine the sphere of sexuality. Andrzej Pitrus uses examples from a wide range of visual arts: films, photography, video art and video installations.
PL
Artykuł opisuje problemy interpretacyjne powstające na tle wprowadzonych do Kodeksu karnego w czerwcu 2010 roku artykułów: 191a, 200a i 200b. Znamiona stypizowanych w tych przepisach typów czynów zabronionych są niejasne i niespójne z założeniami aksjologicznymi, które najpewniej towarzyszyły ustawodawcy podczas ich uchwalania (a zatem nie czynią zadość założeniu o racjonalności aksjologicznej prawodawcy, nie spełniają bowiem należycie swojej funkcji w systemie prawa karnego). Wszystkie spośród poddanych analizie przepisów powinny zostać znowelizowane tak, aby zaczęły należycie chronić te dobra, do których ochrony zostały one powołane w momencie ich wejścia w życie.
EN
The article describes interpretation problems regarding the articles: 191a, 200a and 200b of the Polish Penal Code which became a part of this Code in June 2010. Characteristics of crimes stipulated in these provisions are vague and stand in contrary to axiological presuppositions which apparently legislator had in mind while implementing these types of crimes (as they do not satisfy the rule of axiological rationality of the legislator, and they do not function properly in penal law system). All analyzed regulations should be amended so that they could protect these goods which should have been protected from the beginning of their implementation.
PL
Nota krytyczna autorstwa Pawła Jędrzejki, poświęcona książce Marka Helfricha, Naked Pictures of My Ex-Girlfriends. Romance in the 70s. (Los Angeles: Rat Press, 2000). 
EN
Paweł Jędrzejko's critical note on Mark Helfrich's photobook Naked Pictures of My Ex-Girlfriends. Romance in the 70s. (Los Angeles: Rat Press, 2000). 
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