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EN
Multiculturalism of the former south-east borderlands is also reflected the local nomenclature which is often geographically diverse. Possessive names with suffixes -ov, -in, especially with -(ov)ka form a significant group of toponyms which have emerged over the centuries. -ovka affix was productive in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. It created a lot of new names of places, still new language versions of professions emerged, such as Polish bednarz, tokarz et al. Among profession-derived toponyms there are many place names in which we can just clearly determine Ukrainian and Polish stems, conf. Popowka, Xiędzówka, and those in which such differentiation is not so clear, e.g. Kowalowka. The paper shows both the groups. The assumed research period (16th-19th c.) allows in turn to show some changes in a given group of toponyms such as the emergence of variants of Polish names which fall within the toponymy as the Polish influences were broadening eastwards and polonisation was progressing in the 17th and 18th century.
EN
The paper presents some considerations on the lexical development of Polish. It concentrates on the issues of word-formative enlargement of vocabulary. Against the background of analogy, compensation, and extra- and intralinguistic borrowing, it discusses the possible continuants of feminine names (adjectives and diminutives), and of masculine names of professions that were traditionally reserved for women (e.g. kosmetyczka ‘beautician’, niania ‘nanny’). The paper does not only identify the extralinguistic factors, such as the rise of new naming needs or the phenomenon of linguistic fashion (e.g. structures with the prefix para-), but it also investigates the processes of erosion of morphotactic constraints, and of customary limitations.
PL
This article discusses borrowings from English related to the theme aspect of profession names including those adapted in Polish and those typical of professional dialects and formerly not recorded in any lexicographic sources. The research material includes dialogues extracted from Polish serial dramas (referred to by the author as advance serial dramas).The excerpted borrowings from English are primarily oriented to business, media or advertising. This type of words can function in the Polish language because of the language’s nominal need. While many English words referring to professions are used chiefly in social dialects, more and more frequently they tend to be absorbed by general Polish.
Język Polski
|
2012
|
vol. 92
|
issue 3
174–183
PL
Świat szeroko rozumianej pracy ulega dziś bardzo silnym przeobrażeniom, a co za tym idzie — zmienia się także opisujący go język. Pojawiają się wciąż nowe konstrukcje określające nie tylko nieznane wcześniej zawody, ale i te stare. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kilku najnowszych neosemantyzmów związanych z nazwami zawodów. Praca koncentruje się na opisie następujących noeosemantyzmów: „promotor”, „prezenter”, „rezydent” oraz „animator”. W artykule porównano obecne i dawniejsze znaczenia wyszczególnionych wyrazów; ich nowe znaczenia zostały zilustrowane przykładami pochodzącymi z Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz tekstów ogłoszeń opublikowanych w Internecie.
EN
The world of broadly understood work is under constant changes nowadays; consequently, the language describing it is changing as well. New constructions appear constantly, describing not only new professions, but those existing before as well. The aim of the article is thus to describe some new semantic innovations in the world of work. To be more precise, the paper describes the following innovations in Polish: "promotor" (English 'promoter'), "prezenter" ('presenter'), "rezydent" ('resident') oraz "animator" ('animateur'). The author compares the old and new meaning of the selected words; their new meanings are illustrated with examples taken from NKJP (the National Corpus of Polish) as well as from job advertisements published on the Internet.
EN
The article provides an analysis of Polish and Russian phraseologisms related to a person’s designation by profession. The article discusses phraseological expressions with an invective overtone containing names of professions, or referring to them semantically. The semantic field approach is used for analysis. 7 comparative subcategories are identified as specific, invective semantic fields of specific names of professions. Other subcategories (28) refer to Polish or Russian. There are 52 essential meanings called traits, which are connotated by the meaning of the analysed phraseologisms. These traits create specific semantic micropoles. The analysed material is also considered in terms of syntactic functions performed by phraseological expressions. The analysis shows the similarities and differences in the studied area of the linguistic worldview of Poles and Russians.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę frazeologizmów polskich i rosyjskich związanych z nazwami zawodów we frazeologii polskiej i rosyjskiej. Rozpatrywane są w nim frazeologizmy o wydźwięku inwektywnym zawierające nazwy zawodów bądź odwołujące się do nich znaczeniowo. Do analizy zastosowano metodę pól semantycznych. Wydzielono 7 subkategorii porównawczych stanowiących swoiste, inwektywne pola semantyczne określonych nazw zawodów. Pozostałe subkategorie (28) odnoszą się odpowiednio do języka polskiego lub rosyjskiego. Wyróżniono 52 zasadnicze znaczenia zwane dalej cechami, które są konotowane przez znaczenie badanych frazeologizmów. Cechy te tworzą swoiste mikropola semantyczne. Badany materiał przeanalizowano także pod kątem funkcji składniowych pełnionych przez frazeologizmy. Analiza ukazuje podobieństwa i różnice w badanym obszarze językowego obrazu świata Polaków i Rosjan.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the problems and phenomena present among the deaf and hearing-impaired people, and to study the trend estimation of this issue. The study was based on questionnaires given to the children of primary and middle schools, with the questionnaires including abstract expressions divided into thematic sections. The results present lack of comprehension of the abstract expressions by the hearing-impaired children, especially those expressions which are used the least in the everyday language. The older the students, the more language experience but at the same time the less confidence in their own abilities they have. While working with the hearing-impaired children, it is important to remember about paying attention to the issue of abstract expressions such as metaphors, idiomatic expressions, even the prepositional phrases or the names of categories and professions. It would definitely make it easier for them to understand written texts and simplify broadly defined functioning in our society.
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