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PL
The subject of the article is history in the prose of Valery Shevchuk. History in Shevchuk’s novels is associated with such categories as freedom, historical memory and national consciousness. Valery Shevchuk creates a panorama of Ukrainian people’s lives and writes in a historical and cultural context. The most important historical period for Shevchuk is the time of the 17th and 18th centuries, especially the culture of the baroque.
PL
In contrast to the prevailing in the 70s, 80s and 90s concepts on nation-building and national consciousness, the author develops the idea of the Norwegian national identity being present in the Middle Ages, modified and strengthened in the period of the union with Denmark (16th–18th centuries), and during the union with Sweden in the 19th century. In this time, the national identity grew into a political programme of regaining independence and building a national culture.
EN
The article begins by introducing the beginnings of schooling in the Teschen Silesia region. It thencontinues to map the situation after the introduction of compulsory education. The development of schools and the network of schooling institutions are covered, as well as school curricula and the position and competence of teachers in the 17th to 19th centuries. Physical didactic aids of this period are examined, especially textbooks. Finally, the article deals with the issues connected with Germanisation and the national struggle nd awareness of the Polish population in the eschen Silesia region; with the impact of Hasner’s law (Leopold Hasner von Artha) on the development of he national school system in the region; with important figures and organisations that played a ignificant role in the political, cultural and economic changes in society in Teschen Silesia.
EN
The problem of investigation of mental phenomena is actualized in the article. Mentality appears to be a deep of social and cultural self-determination of the society and the individual. The elements of Russian national character are through the mental project developed by the author.
EN
Although in Latvia there live several nationalities, some of them are defined by their mother tongue as “Russian speakers”. After the fall of the communist regime, Latvian language became the only official language in the new independent Republic, mandatory in various degrees in education as well. Moreover, it started being taught abroad in 22 colleges and universities in 9 different countries. Grounding our thesis on the idea that some values of the system’s elements can be found in Latvian language textbooks, we will analyze not only intercultural aspects in these textbooks, but also the influence of axiological elements they contain, which may exert on the learning process of particular groups. The results will be interpreted in the light of contemporary knowledge of intercultural communication.
EN
Thinking in national categories is rooted in man’s and woman’s nature as a „communitarian animal“ who is permanently producing collective community imaginations. It can be found a long time before the French Revolution and acquires astonishing strength in the 15th and 16th Centuries, implying denomination quarrels and linguistic questions (Latin and vernacular). Italian humanist writings challenge colleagues in Germany and Poland to develop their own nation centred programmes of historiography, in which Tacit’s Germania and Miechovita’s Sarmatia constitute analogous points of reference (H.-J. Bömelburg). The evident arbitrariness inherent to some of these nation centred writings reflects the principally imaginary or „intentional“ (Ingarden) character of any communitarian consciousness. This does however not diminish the real historical impact of national consciousness, nor the importance of the cultural and moral universe connected with it – despite the crisis of traditional authorities, hierarchies and values we have to deal with in actual Europe and the world.
EN
This article provides a short presentation of the activities of the National Education Committee on the plane of Polish educational spheres in the years 1773-1794. Providing an overview of the main directions for reform of the educational institution, the author tries to answer the question whether the decision on the appointment of the Committee was right. The aim of the study was to show the national idea underpinning the National Education Committee. The result of the Committee’s activities was to educate active citizens, who have developed national consciousness and respect for the Polish language. Under the influence of the Committee took place fundamental changes in the structure and profile of the program Polish school. Committee should be regarded as a progressive institution which gave the rank of the Polish language in education, and her ideas are relevant today.
EN
The author touches upon the problem of education of the younger generation which is an important component of the national culture of each nation. The transfer of all historical, cultural, human and moral traditions of the parents, the grandparents and the great grandparents have always been the key to eternal life of the nation. In our country interest to ethnic problems is growing, but keep in mind that ethnopedagogical aspects are zone crossing different, possibly polar interests. Their solution depends on orientation training and education of the younger generation and constructive national policy. That is the important task can be solved by means of ethnopedagogy whose subject matter is a complex socio-cultural phenomenon as folk pedagogy. The article reveals the content of the notions of «ethnopedagogy», «means of pedagogy», «community pedagogical cultures», «ethnicity», examines the nature of educational media folk pedagogy, the possibility of using them in the leading directions of the educational process, shows the position of funds of pedagogy in the process of a personality formation. The author discusses the ways of constructive usage of ethnopedagogical knowledge in the process of national consciousness of formation of the pupil’s personality. Now in the society of new social and personal values special attention should be paid to broadcast native culture, which consists of elements of cultures of different regions, formation of national character and national identity in the sphere of the variability of thinking, the definition of ethnic education as an open educational system, exempting carriers of traditional ethnic culture to national and world culture. The deep content knowledge of ethnopedagogy does not separate, but rather bring together nations in overcoming interethnic conflicts. National education, including one of the most important of its branches ethnopedagogy will be able in the near future to revive the genetic roots of the Ukrainian people, to form a Ukrainian type that can lead nation to the world cultural level. The creative renaissance ethnopedagogical traditions, their adaptation to the new social conditions leading to pedagogical findings and productive innovation can now be seen as a phenomenon of innovation.
EN
This paper is an attempt at a reconstruction of sources of Polish national consciousness, with its political and cultural components. It should be emphasized that cultural determinants are most important for consolidating national identity. In the Polish case, one of the most interesting and also most often reproduced Polish cultural motifs is the legend of Piast and Popiel. For reasons outlined above, this article will attempt to analyze legends of the first ruler in Poland and references to them in the contemporary Polish culture. For clarity of analysis, the essay is divided into two parts. The first is connected with the myth of richness and the fertile, as well as powerful Poland. The significance of this part is for the processes of creating Polish national identity around utopian visions, and also their presence in the literature. Furthermore, this myth is related with belief that the ruler must be just for his people. The second part includes the analysis of the presence of this myth in popular culture, on the example of children’s literature and in the social space.
EN
Gallus Anonymus’ gesta principium polonorum in the context of the formation of Polish national consciousnessThis paper is an attempt at a reconstruction of sources of Polish national consciousness, with its political and cultural components. It should be emphasized that cultural determinants are most important for consolidating national identity. In the Polish case, one of the most interesting and also most often reproduced Polish cultural motifs is the legend of Piast and Popiel. For reasons outlined above, this article will attempt to analyze legends of the first ruler in Poland and references to them in the contemporary Polish culture. For clarity of analysis, the essay is divided into two parts. The first is connected with the myth of richness and the fertile, as well as powerful Poland. The significance of this part is for the processes of creating Polish national identity around utopian visions, and also their presence in the literature. Furthermore, this myth is related with belief that the ruler must be just for his people. The second part includes the analysis of the presence of this myth in popular culture, on the example of children’s literature and in the social space.
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EN
Young poets at the beginning of the 21st century are often critical of their Leader and the physical and spiritual state of the country. The state of the language, a central part of the national heritage, features widely, sometimes with pathos at others with mordant humour, in this respect similarly to references to the leadership. Also important are official distortions of history, false media reporting and regrets at the present state of both the city and the country as a whole. As most of their books come out in small editions, they are probably considered harmless by the authorities, unlike the regular street demonstrations. Moreover, they provide something of a safety valve to release the widespread dismay felt by many of the nationally conscious intelligentsia.
EN
The article deals with modern directions of improvement of preparation of future teacher of physical culture to the patriotic education of students, in particular the formation of civil competence of personality based on the ideas of a culture of dignity, use in the educational process of higher educational institutions cultural studies, axiological and personality approaches, formation at future experts of the ability to a deep analysis of the historical and contemporary development of a sports and patriotic youth movement, promoting the students with knowledge about the national traditions of the Ukrainian people, historical knowledge and popular memory. The purpose of the article is to justify the modern directions of improvement of preparation of future teacher of physical culture to the patriotic education of students. The documents of education, which focus on the need to revise the content of patriotic education of pupils in secondary schools, are analyzed. The main approaches to the definition of the role of traditions of national physical culture and their application in the upbringing of modern young generation are characterized. The article proposes perspectives for further research relating to the preparation of future teachers of physical culture to the patriotic education of students. It is indicated that there are meetings of students with members of the antiterrorist operation in the East of Ukraine, in the process of pedagogical practice of future teachers of physical culture conducting educational activities of patriotic direction, teachers engage students with discussions about the phenomenon of Maidan and the value of the Revolution of Dignity in the conditions of formation and development of Ukrainian society with the participation of volunteers initiating activities with students, the families of the fallen heroes of Ukraine. The author identified the following areas of Ukrainian education: intellectual, national, patriotic, social, economic, religious, moral, economic and practical, hygienic and physical, family. Patriotic education of students is a process of impact on the individual. The purpose of education is the formation of a highly cultured and educated person. The perspective is to review current approaches to the nature and content of training of future teachers of physical culture to the patriotic education of Ukrainian youth.
EN
The aim of the sketch is to identify writing strategies and the repertoires of linguistic means used in the apotheosizing description of the state that emerges from Zofia Bukowiecka’s historical prose. Creation of a laudatory vision of Poland’s past (in accordance with the guidelines of the era) is created by Z. Bukowiecka purposively and is of an educational, comforting, and finally – the most importantly – formative nature, i.e. it aims to awaken patriotic attitudes in a nation which was deprived of the state. A look at Zofia Bukowiecka’s texts from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics allowed us to distinguish several writing strategies that serve to implement the apotheosis of the past vision. These are the idyllic stylization of the landscape, the amelioration of the state, the glorification of the rulers and the magnification of the nation. Particularly frequently used linguistic means (from various levels of language and text organization) implementing particular strategies were: accumulation, hyperbole, contrast, evaluative vocabulary, the topos of becoming silent, brutalization, argumentum ad verecundiam.
PL
Celem szkicu jest identyfikacja strategii pisarskich oraz podporządkowanego im repertuaru środków językowych wykorzystanych w apoteozującym opisie państwa, jaki wyłania się z prozy historycznej Zofii Bukowieckiej. Kreacja laudacyjnej wizji przeszłości Polski (zgodna z wytycznymi epoki) jest tworzona przez Z. Bukowiecką programowo i ma charakter edukacyjny, konsolacyjny, wreszcie – najważniejsze – formacyjny, tzn. ma na celu rozbudzanie patriotycznych postaw w pozbawionym państwa narodzie. Spojrzenie na teksty Zofii Bukowieckiej z perspektywy pragmatyki lingwistycznej pozwoliło wyróżnić kilka strategii pisarskich, które służą realizacji apoteozującej wizji przeszłości. Są to idyllizacja pejzażu, perfektyzacja państwa, splendaryzacja władców i magnifikacja narodu. Szczególnie często wykorzystywanymi środkami językowymi (z różnych poziomów organizacji języka i tekstu) realizującymi poszczególne strategie były: nagromadzenie, hiperbola, kontrast, słownictwo aksjologiczne, topos zamilknięcia, bestializacja, argumentum ad verecundiam.
RU
Статья посвящена теме праздника в книге „Там, где звенят сосны”, принадлежащей русской писательнице Людмиле Коль, проживающей ныне в Финляндии. В целом книга, будучи автобиографическим текстом, отличается многомерностью и многоплановостью. Автор тонко, деликатно, но и не без иронии/самоиронии повествует «о стране, где живут финны», о самих финнах, о финской душе, о том, что «спрятано под маской современного стиля жизни». Годовая жизнь современных финнов (очень деловая и динамичная), согласно наблюдениям русской писательницы, структурирована различного рода праздниками. Религиозные, государственные, местные праздники занимают немало места на страницах книги. Здесь есть заметки о Вербном воскресенье, о Юханнусе, о Празднике урожая, о Дне независимости, о Рождестве, о Шведском дне, о масленице, дне поэта Рунеберга и др. Праздники, представленные в тексте, отражают как особенности сознания и мышления финнов, так и характер восприятия и отношение к ним русской писательницы.
EN
The paper is dedicated to the theme of a holiday in the book ‘Where the Pine Trees Ring’ written by a Russian author Lyudmila Kol, nowadays a resident of Finland. In general, the book represents an autobiographical text that is notable for its many-sidedness and variety. The writer narrates in a delicate manner, but not without irony “about the country where the Finns live,” about the Finns themselves, the Finnish soul, about what is “hidden under the mask of a modern lifestyle.” The Russian author notices that the yearly life of modern Finns (very businesslike and dynamic) is organized according to various family celebrations. Religious, national, and local holidays occupy a considerable place in the book. There are comments about Palm Sunday, Juhannuspäivä, the Harvest Festival, the Independence Day, Christmas, the Sweden Day, about Pancake Week, Runeberg Day (birthday of the national poet) and others. The holidays presented in the text reflect the peculiar features of the Finns’ consciousness and their way of thinking, as well as the Russian author’s perception thereof and her attitude towards them.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono argumenty księdza Walentego Barczewskiego (1856–1928) świadczące o polskości Warmii, która od pokoju toruńskiego 1446 r. aż do pierwszego rozbioru Polski w 1772 r. była częścią Królestwa Polskiego. Warmia w wyniku rozbiorów Polski została włączona do Niemiec. Podstawą artykułu jest utwór Kiermasy na Warmii napisany przez W. Barczewskiego, wydany po raz pierwszy w 1883 r. pod tytułem O kiermasach na polskiej Warmii. Analizowany w artykule materiał został wypisany z utworu Barczewskiego Kiermasy na Warmii wydanego w 1984 r. oraz z wydania z 1923 r. Poszukując w utworze Barczewskiego dowodów świadczących o polskości Warmii, zwrócono uwagę na wypowiedzenia i wyrażenia zawierające formy gramatyczne leksemów: Polska, polski, polszczyć, polszczyzna, polskość, polsko-wiarmijski, po polsku, polskie nazwy miejscowe i osobowe. Z tekstu wypisano zdania zawierające te leksemy i podzielono ze względu na zawartą w nich tematykę. Pozwoliło to wyodrębnić takie argumenty świadczące o polskości, jak: związki historyczne i osadnicze z Polską, właściwe Polakom przywiązanie do religii katolickiej, zachowanie polskiej gwary, gościnność mieszkańców i polskie obyczaje kulturowe zakodowane w języku. W drugiej połowie XIX w. nasiliły się na terenie południowej Warmii antagonizmy narodowościowe, a jednocześnie zaczęło kształtować się poczucie odrębności polskich mieszkańców Warmii od katolickiej ludności niemieckiej i Mazurów. Znalazło to wyraz w utworze Barczewskiego.
EN
This article covers the oppression of Ukrainian national identity by the Soviet mass media, which served as an ideological tool of the communist government on the way of total russification and denationalization of Ukrainians over the 60’s and 70’s of the 20th century; censorship is being studied as one of the methods of state supervision over the control of the release of the mass media in order to restrict the dissemination of the ideas and information that were recognized by the then authorities as “undesirable” or “ideologically harmful”. The destructive role of the mass media in the narrowing of the national worldview of Ukrainians, the prohibition of the Ukrainian word, and the leveling of the national aspect in the Ukrainian ethnic environment in the defined period are highlighted.
EN
This text refers to the origins of the Slovak national consciousness, which began in the nineteenth century in terms of growing Magyarization policies of the Hungarian authorities. It took place in the first period of the Austrian monarchy, and after the settlement of the Austrian court in Vienna with Hungarian elites and the formation of the Austro-Hungarian state, intensified within the Kingdom of Hungary. In response to the policy of Magyarization, nations which are not Hungarian, including Slovaks – and more specifically, their small political and cultural elites, attempted to oppose the policy of the Hungarian authorities. In the text, the author showed the formation of the Slovak national consciousness, the role of Ľudovít Štúr, Ján Kollár, and subsequent activists, politicians and people of culture in the process until 1918. He discussed a cooperation of Slovaks with other non-Hungarian nations living in the Kingdom of Hungary in fight for their rights against the nationalistic policy of the Hungarian authorities, in the circumstances bound by the Slovaks to the Czech Republic in the period preceding the outbreak of the First World War and the years of its duration – especially at the turn of 1917 and 1918, which eventually led to the proclamation on October 28th, 1918, in Prague, the Czechoslovak Republic as one of the new states of the Central Europe, founded on the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
PL
Niniejszy tekst dotyczy genezy słowackiej świadomości narodowej, która narodziła się w XIX wieku w warunkach nasilającej się polityki madziaryzacji ze strony władz węgierskich. Miała ona miejsce najpierw w ramach monarchii austriackiej, a po ugodzie dworu austriackiego w Wiedniu z elitami węgierskimi i powstaniu Austro-Węgier nasiliła się w ramach Królestwa Węgierskiego. W odpowiedzi na politykę madziaryzacji narody niemadziarskie, w tym Słowacy – a ściślej ich niewielkie elity polityczne i kulturalne – podjęły próbę przeciwstawienia się polityce władz węgierskich. W tekście autor ukazał proces kształtowania się słowackiej świadomości narodowej, rolę Ľudovita Štúra, Jána Kollara i kolejnych działaczy, politycznych, ludzi kultury w tym procesie do 1918 r. Omówił też współpracę Słowaków z innymi narodami niewęgierskimi, mieszkającymi w Królestwie Węgierskim w walce o swoje prawa, przeciwko nacjonalistycznej polityce władz węgierskich, w tym okoliczności związania się Słowaków z Czechami w okresie poprzedzającym wybuch pierwszej wojny światowej i w latach jej trwania – zwłaszcza na przełomie 1917 i 1918 r., co ostatecznie doprowadziło do proklamowania w Pradze 28 października 1918 r. Republiki Czechosłowackiej jako jednego z nowych państw Europy Środkowej, powstałego na gruzach Austro-Węgier.
PL
Mieszkające w województwie opolskim dzieci i młodzież rodzimego pochodzenia były poddawane szczególnym zabiegom władz, które miały na celu ugruntowanie w nich postaw propolskich a wyrugowanie sympatii proniemieckich. W latach 1950–1970 zabiegano o eliminację wśród najmłodszych mieszkańców regionu języka niemieckiego w mowie i piśmie, niwelowano ślady tradycji i kultury niemieckiej w regionie, piętnowano postawy rewizjonistyczne. W zamian za to starano się, by młodzież rodzimego pochodzenia poznała polski język, kulturę, historię oraz kształtowano u niej postawy patriotyczne oraz akceptację dla nowego ustroju i państwowości regionu. Zadania te realizowano przede wszystkim podczas edukacji szkolnej, w czasie zajęć pozalekcyjnych, a także poprzez działalność organizacji młodzieżowych, przy współpracy z organizacjami społecznymi i lokalnym aparatem partyjnym.
EN
Those children and youth living in the Opole Voivodeship who represented indigenous population were subjected to a special actions undertaken by authorities aimed at both strengthening pro-Polish attitudes and eradicating German sympathies. In the years 1950-1970 the youngest inhabitants of the region faced endavours to root out their written and spoken German language, the traces of German tradition and culture were being eliminated and the revisionistic attitudes stigmatized. At the same time efforts were made to familiarize the indigenous youth with Polish language, culture and history, this process being accompanied by disseminating among them patriotic attitudes and acceptance for the new system and statehood which expanded its jurisdiction over the region. These tasks were performed predominantly in the course of the school education and during extra-curricular activities, but youth organizations cooperating with social organizations and the local party apparatus were also involved.
EN
In this paper there was presented the problem of national identity development in the Eastern Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The used source materials concerned with thedistribution of population speaking Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian) languages and declaring themselves as practising Roman Catholic or Greek Catholic religion within the administrative districts. The data came from the population censuses carried out in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the years 1890, 1900 and 1910. Based on the calibrated maps of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the census data, geostatistical analysis was performed using GIS software. The obtained thematic maps of language and religion distribution in the Eastern Galicia enabled to distinguish the Polish, Polish-Ruthenian and Ruthenian areas. Spatial interpretation of the results was preceded by historical study of the examined area.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The article is related to the establishment and the development of women’s magazines which were published in Silesia during the Prussian regime (years 1876-1918). Author shows the independent titles of the women’s magazines as well as the supplements to the local press that were focused on cases of family, education of children, home teaching of Polish language, Roman Catholic faith and affairs of Polish history, which was banned by the Prussian government during the persecution called ‘Kulturkampf ’. The author presents the women’s magazines as unofficial handbooks of Polish language and national identity. She shows that at the historical moment of the threat of denationalization of young generation the most important part of the transfer of the Polish national identity were on the one hand the Silesian press editors (repressed by the Prussian government), on the other hand the Silesian mothers with their usage of women magazines
PL
Prezentowana pierwsza część pracy dotyczy powstania i rozwoju czasopism dla kobiet na Śląsku, wydawanych w zaborze pruskim w latach 1876–1918. Obejmuje czasopisma samoistne, jak również dodatki do prasy lokalnej, dotyczące rodziny, wychowania dzieci, a przede wszystkim organizacji domowego nauczania języka polskiego, religii katolickiej i historii Polski, usuniętych z programów szkolnych w okresie „Kulturkampfu”. Wobec zagrożenia wynarodowienia młodego pokolenia Polaków na Śląsku wytworzyła się opozycja w obronie polskiej tożsamości narodowej, języka i mowy polskiej, religii katolickiej, kultury i obyczajów. Naukę przeniesiono do domów rodzinnych, gdzie matki – mające największy wpływ na wychowanie dzieci, realizowały domowe wychowanie dzieci w duchu patriotyczno-narodowym. Do tego były potrzebne czasopisma dla kobiet, które przejęły rolę podręczników. Władze pruskie prześladowały wydawców i redaktorów, nakładały na nich kary pieniężne i wyroki pozbawienia wolności, a czasopisma zawieszano na okres stały lub czasowy, co było jednoznaczne z ich likwidacją, a mimo to ciągle się odradzały.
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