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EN
The article presents modest attempts of women joining the discourse pertaining to national matters. Their significant but still underestimated contribution to the above-mentioned discourse was described on the basis of didactic and literary activity of Dragolja Jarnevic, Marija Jambrisak and Jagoda Truhelka. As the community important for the literature thriving, those creative teachers established the very first Croatian women's magazine titled 'Domace ognijste'. The magazines first issues were thoroughly analyzed with a special attention to national matters that were included in them. Those female writers and teachers mentioned in the text - although they were not able to get themselves out of the dominant male paradigm at the time - they undoubtedly prepared a sound foundation/ ground for more courageous gestures of other creative women of the future.
EN
Kashubian national discourse – an anthropological viewpointAn animated discussion concerning the status of the Kashubs is at present ongoing in Kashubia. In 2005, the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language was passed in Poland and Kashubian gained the status of a regional language within Poland but Kashubs were not recognized as a distinct group. Following the 2011 Census, the Association of People of Kashubian Nationality, Kaszëbskô Jednota, was created. The Association considers Kashubs to be a nation and is striving to change the Kashub status to that of an ethnic minority. The Kashubian–Pomeranian Association which until now was the only institutional representative of Kashubs does not recognize the Kaszëbskô Jednota aspirations and they consider that Kashubs have a double Polish and Kashubian identity. Both organizations are trying to convince as many people as possible to support their arguments. Meanwhile in Kashubia there are numerous cultural and political movements which influence the Kashubian identity. This article is an analysis of the Kashubian national discourse based on socio-scientific texts and Kaszëbskô Jednota information documents, media sources and interviews with young Kashubs engaged in the movement. This analysis confirms that the Kashubian identity is changing and the discussions underline different perceptions of the role which Kashubs should have in Poland.
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An animated discussion concerning the status of the Kashubs is at present ongoing in Kashubia. In 2005, the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language was passed in Poland and Kashubian gained the status of a regional language within Poland but Kashubs were not recognized as a distinct group. Following the 2011 Census, the Association of People of Kashubian Nationality, Kaszëbskô Jednota, was created. The Association considers Kashubs to be a nation and is striving to change the Kashub status to that of an ethnic minority. The Kashubian–Pomeranian Association which until now was the only institutional representative of Kashubs does not recognize the Kaszëbskô Jednota aspirations and they consider that Kashubs have a double Polish and Kashubian identity. Both organizations are trying to convince as many people as possible to support their arguments. Meanwhile in Kashubia there are numerous cultural and political movements which influence the Kashubian identity. This article is an analysis of the Kashubian national discourse based on socio-scientific texts and Kaszëbskô Jednota information documents, media sources and interviews with young Kashubs engaged in the movement. This analysis confirms that the Kashubian identity is changing and the discussions underline different perceptions of the role which Kashubs should have in Poland.
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2020
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vol. 29
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issue 2
95-112
EN
The work presents the problem of “dissonant” relations between Polish Romanticism and politics of the independence camp during World War I. Bas­ing on the example of two literary polemics between publicists and members of the independence propaganda machine and those of the passivist group (Henryk Elzenberg and Ludwik Szczepański, Julia Kisielewska and Wiktor Gomulicki), the text discusses the paradoxes of the propaganda discourse of the camp and the strategies used by publicists to handle the attacks of ideologi­cal enemies. In these debates, Romanticism, as well as symbols and attitudes related to it, turn out to be a “dissonant heritage,” which is examined in view of future and new Polish patriotism, and in reference to the reality of contempo­rary politics. These polemics illustrate that Romanticism was still the key word in the national discourse (as a sort of metalanguage), but on the threshold of independence, its meaning gradually became vague.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem „kłopotliwych” związków między pol­skim romantyzmem a polityką obozu niepodległościowego w latach I wojny światowej. Na przykładzie dwóch polemik literackich toczonych między pub­licystami i pracownikami aparatu propagandy niepodległościowej a przed­stawicielami obozu pasywistów (Henryk Elzenberg i Ludwik Szczepań­ski, Julia Kisielewska i Wiktor Gomulicki) omówiono paradoksy dyskursu propagandowego tego obozu oraz strategie, za pomocą których publicyści radzili sobie z atakami ideologicznych przeciwników. Romantyzm i powią­zane z nim symbole oraz postawy okazują się w tych dyskusjach „kłopotli­wym dziedzictwem”, które zostaje poddane rewizji w perspektywie przyszło­ści i nowego kształtu polskiego patriotyzmu oraz w odniesieniu do realiów współczesnej polityki. Polemiki te obrazują, że romantyzm jest wciąż w dys­kursie narodowym słowem kluczem (ponieważ jest rodzajem metajęzyka tego dyskursu), jednak u progu niepodległości jego znaczenie staje się coraz bardziej rozmyte.
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