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EN
The awareness factor commonly termed as “national awakening,” in the Polish Romantic reflection was considered the utmost determinant of national maturity of community. In the opinion of Polish romantics, national awareness seen in a broader societal sense was a relatively new phenomenon (for some authors it originated in the late 18th century, for others in the early 19th century). Earlier, the nation did exist but it was not firmly established and remained “salient.” On the basis of the 19th century sources, this article analyses some major topics of the Romantic period discourse on nation. These issues included, first of all, the meaning of national awareness and understanding of this idea as time progressed. Moreover, questions concerned the exact moment when a conscious picture of a national community came to exist, thus certifying that a mature form of nation finally originated. Moreover, this romantic discussion concerned spatial conditions of the development of national awareness (dependence of the distance from the national centre) and focused on social acceptance of this idea. According to romantic authors, the process of self-definition of a nation consisted of two stages. First, national identification was not intellectual but sensual; only at a later and more sublime stage; mature national awareness came to exist. As far as a more practical aspect of this issue goes, the contemporary aim was to expand national awareness gradually so that it could possibly be experienced by all members of nation, and not only by its political and intellectual elites.
PL
W polskiej refleksji romantycznej czynnik świadomościowy, który powszechnie określano terminem „narodowego przebudzenia”, był nadrzędnym wyznacznikiem dojrzałości narodowej wspólnoty. Zdaniem polskich romantyków świadomość narodowa w szerszym zakresie społecznym była stosunkowo nowym zjawiskiem (dla jednych autorów koniec XVIII wieku, dla innych początek XIX stulecia). Wcześniej naród istniał, ale jako byt nie do końca ukształtowany, pozostający w „uśpieniu”. W artykule, w oparciu o źródła z epoki, przeanalizowano najistotniejsze motywy w romantycznym dyskursie dotyczącym omawianej kwestii. Chodziło przede wszystkim o rozumienie pojęcia świadomości narodowej, jego kształtowanie się w czasie, w tym o ustalenie „momentu” pojawienia się świadomego wyobrażenia wspólnoty narodowej w szerszym zakresie, które niejako sankcjonowało powstanie jej dojrzałej formy. Istotnym wątkiem w dyskusji było także dostrzeżenie przestrzennego uwarunkowania rozwoju narodowej świadomości (w zależności od oddalenia od narodowego centrum), jak również problem związany ze społecznym zakresem tej wizji. Analizowano proces samopoznania narodowego, który zgodnie z ówczesnym przeświadczeniem realizował się dwuetapowo. Najpierw rozpoznanie i utożsamienie ze wspólnotą odbywało się poprzez bezrefleksyjne odczuwanie, a następnie dokonało się samopoznanie wyższe, czyli wyrobienie dojrzałej idei narodowej. W wymiarze bardziej praktycznym chodziło o stopniowe rozszerzenie narodowej świadomości, aby poczucie wspólnoty objęło możliwie wszystkich członków narodu, a nie tylko jego polityczno-umysłowe elity.
EN
“To identify and understand oneself”. Polish Romantic thought on national awarenessThe awareness factor commonly termed as “national awakening,” in the Polish Romantic reflection was considered the utmost determinant of national maturity of  community. In the opinion of Polish romantics, national awareness seen in a broader societal sense was a relatively new phenomenon (for some authors it originated in the late 18th century, for others in the early 19th century). Earlier, the nation did exist but it was not firmly established and  remained “salient.” On the basis of the 19th century sources, this article analyses some major topics of the Romantic period discourse on nation. These issues included, first of all, the meaning of national awareness and understanding of this idea as time progressed. Moreover, questions concerned the exact moment when a conscious picture of a national community came to exist, thus certifying that a mature form of nation finally originated. Moreover, this romantic discussion concerned spatial conditions of the development of national awareness (dependence of the distance from the national centre) and focused on social acceptance of this idea. According to romantic authors, the process of self-definition of a nation consisted of two stages. First, national identification was not intellectual but sensual; only at a later and more sublime stage; mature national awareness came to exist. As far as a more practical aspect of this issue goes, the contemporary aim was to expand national awareness gradually so that it could possibly be experienced by all members of nation, and not only by its political and intellectual elites. „Rozpoznać i zrozumieć siebie”. O świadomości narodowej w polskiej myśli romantycznejW polskiej refleksji romantycznej czynnik świadomościowy, który powszechnie określano terminem „narodowego przebudzenia”, był nadrzędnym wyznacznikiem dojrzałości narodowej wspólnoty. Zdaniem polskich romantyków świadomość narodowa w szerszym zakresie społecznym była stosunkowo nowym zjawiskiem (dla jednych autorów koniec XVIII wieku, dla innych początek XIX stulecia). Wcześniej naród istniał, ale jako byt nie do końca ukształtowany, pozostający w „uśpieniu”. W artykule, w oparciu o źródła z epoki, przeanalizowano najistotniejsze motywy w romantycznym dyskursie dotyczącym omawianej kwestii. Chodziło przede wszystkim o rozumienie pojęcia świadomości narodowej, jego kształtowanie się w czasie, w tym o ustalenie „momentu” pojawienia się świadomego wyobrażenia wspólnoty narodowej w szerszym zakresie, które niejako sankcjonowało powstanie jej dojrzałej formy. Istotnym wątkiem w dyskusji było także dostrzeżenie przestrzennego uwarunkowania rozwoju narodowej świadomości (w zależności od oddalenia od narodowego centrum), jak również problem związany ze społecznym zakresem tej wizji. Analizowano proces samopoznania narodowego, który zgodnie z ówczesnym przeświadczeniem realizował się dwuetapowo. Najpierw rozpoznanie i utożsamienie ze wspólnotą odbywało się poprzez bezrefleksyjne odczuwanie, a następnie dokonało się samopoznanie wyższe, czyli wyrobienie dojrzałej idei narodowej. W wymiarze bardziej praktycznym chodziło o stopniowe rozszerzenie narodowej świadomości, aby poczucie wspólnoty objęło możliwie wszystkich członków narodu, a nie tylko jego polityczno-umysłowe elity.
Studia Ełckie
|
2018
|
vol. 20
|
issue 4
441-450
EN
National states, in search of their national identity, refer to symbols, among which religious symbols occupy one of the main places. For many decades, the presence of religious symbols, which were also national symbols, constituted an important element of upbringing and strengthening the sense of citizenship and belonging to a given state. In recent years new trends have emerged that question the presence of religious symbols as a national or state symbol. Attempts are made to reduce the rank of a religious symbol or its denial from the presence of the nation’s life. However, this sense of national identity, strengthening by the symbols present in the life of the nation, build the state understood as the common good of the whole nation.
Studia Ełckie
|
2021
|
vol. 23
|
issue 4
577-590
EN
The issue of wearing of religious symbols by employees in the workplace and manifestation of their affiliation calls for an assessment of situations and circumstances. The case laws of the Court speak of the principle of proportionality – whether there is a balance between the manifestation of their religion and, for example, the image of the workplace and the need to keep safety rules. Religious freedom must be respected in the workplace, but only to the extent that it does not violate the rights of others. Strasbourg judicial decision was also called upon to settle the cases in which a given state uses religious symbolism. The manifestation of such an attitude by the state exposes it to be called “confessional state” and to the charge of undermining the principle of worldview neutrality. However, finding a solution to the problem is complex, and also consists in the recognition by the Court of a wide margin of discretion, appurtenant to the Member States in matters of religion. Each state, when formulating the principle of secularism or lack of religious beliefs of the state, must combine them with distinctive national traditions and create its own model, which can be difficult or even impossible to transfer to another country. The European Court of Human Rights seeks solutions that could meet the criteria and be implemented in all countries. However, the diversity of religious traditions of the Member States does not allow to draw conclusions common to the whole European community.
|
2016
|
vol. 196
|
issue 4
403-420
EN
This article studies the relationship between various dimensions of the legitimization of a political system and national identification. The analysis presented here assumes that the emotional attitudes that link people to their place of residence are conditional. The way the state performs its functions should determine how, and to what extent, such attitudes prevail. The hypothesis suggests that a positive evaluation of government policy enhances identification with the state. An empirical study using data from fourteen post-communist countries provides the basis for accepting a considerable part of the hypothesis. People’s evaluation of social policy, of democracy as a system, and their confidence in public institutions, are of central importance for identification. A separate analysis for Poland shows how perceptions of citizens’ equality before the law have a significant impact on national identification.
EN
This paper’s aim is to approach the issue of European citizenship by showing the dynamics of the related policies. While recognising the importance of the legal assessment of the Union citizenship as defined by the Treaties, much attention is paid to the socio-cultural meaning of the European citizenship, which stimulates the emergence of a supranational loyalty and a sense of belonging to the European Union. After an analysis of the historical development of the concept of European citizenship, it is empirically demonstrated that the success of the European citizenship policy depends critically on the capacity of the Union to meet the mainly pragmatic expectations of the citizens. Accordingly, the lack of a harmonised welfare system at the European level, which causes restrictions of the free movement of the Union citizens within the member states, proves to be the major disincentive of the European identification.
EN
The purpose of the research – is to demonstrate how the historiographic image of Wilhelm von Habsburg, known as Colonel Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, was constructed on the basis of sources of personal origin and historiography materials that were deposited during the XX century. In the first time in historiography shown as the as the story of the Austrian archduke, who decided to change his national identity and chose for himself the image of a fighter for the will of Ukraine, unfolded and mythologized. The history of the life of the Austrian Archduke Wilhelm von Habsburg-Lötringen has in recent years been enriched by a number of thorough studies. The main issue of this research was the question of choosing a Ukrainian national identity. The construction of the Ukrainian legend Vasyl Vyshyvany in the historiography began, based on his own autobiography. As the accumulation of source and scientific material, the question of the vision of the hero evolved: from explaining the circumstances of change of national self-identification to exploring the motives of this step. Changes in the interpretation of this issue were also outlined and brought to the cultural and philosophical research field.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono, jak rozwijała się i nabrała charakteru legendy historia austriackiego arcyksięcia Wilhelma von Habsburga, znanego jako pułkownik Wasyl Wyszywany, który zdecydował się zmienić własną tożsamość narodową i wybrał wizerunek bojownika o wolność Ukrainy. Ukazano, w jaki sposób ewoluował obraz samego bohatera: od poznania okoliczności zmiany tożsamości narodowej do badania motywów tego kroku. Na podstawie źródeł pochodzenia osobistego i materiałów historiograficznych powstałych w XX w. pokazano, w jaki sposób konstruowano historiograficzny wizerunek tej postaci.
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