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1

Prospects for tourism development in Polish national parks

100%
Nowicki R., Nowacka K.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej we Wrocławiu
|
2012
|
issue 28
221-232
EN
The present study includes the analysis of participation of tourists in various forms of tourism and recreation and shows the ways of spending leisure time there and preferred directions of the more far development of national parks. The poll was conducted in two national parks: Białowieża National Park and Gorczanski National Park, and participated by 286 persons over 18 years of age. The results of the conducted research show that the vast majority of surveyed tourists visited the national park for the first time. Polish national parks have got numerous natural and landscape values appreciated by tourists. However the research indicates the great need for accommodation and catering facilities, tourist and sport infrastructure and cultural and entertainment offer. Tourists come to the national park not only to get familiar with its nature and landscape values but also to get rest, relax, do sport and use different forms of tourism.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę uczestnictwa turystów przebywających w parkach narodowych w różnych formach turystyki i rekreacji oraz ukazuje sposoby spędzania przez nich wolnego czasu i preferowane przez nich kierunki dalszego rozwoju parków narodowych. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzono na grupie 286 osób, które ukończyły 18 lat, w Gorczańskim Parku Narodowym. Z badań wynika, że większość ankietowanych turystów zwiedzała park narodowy po raz pierwszy. Gorczański Park Narodowy posiada cenione przez turystów walory przyrodnicze i krajobrazowe. Jednak badania wykazują duże potrzeby w zakresie bazy noclegowej i gastronomicznej, infrastruktury turystycznej i sportowej oraz oferty kulturalnej i rozrywkowej. Turyści przyjeżdżają do parku narodowego nie tylko po to, by zapoznać się z jego przyrodą i walorami krajobrazowymi, ale także wypocząć, zrelaksować się, uprawiać sport i korzystać z różnych form turystyki.
2
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Národní park Šumava a obce na jeho území: Případ postmateriálního štěpení?

100%
Musilová K.
Politologická revue (Czech Political Science Review)
|
2016
|
issue 1
41-67
EN
The discussion over Šumava National Park and its future not only affects the municipalities in its area, but also many other actors. Local municipalities depend mainly on income from tourism and they often feel that they cannot fully develop; environmentalists, on the other hand, seek to increase the extent of the protected areas. This conflict affects the public discussion and may lead to a change in legislature, coalition disputes, or even the collapse of the government. The paper examines whether it is possible to analyse this conflict using the concept of post-material cleavages. First, the context of the conflict and the main controversial points are presented. Consequently, the attitudes of stakeholders and the most important political consequences are analysed at both local and national level.
3
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PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ADMINISTERING THE FORMS OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN POLAND

100%
Sobieraj K.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2016
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vol. 2627
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issue 34
27-38
EN
Specialized authorities in the field of environmental protection have existed since the beginning of the creation of the system of organization of environmental services and the amount of them has been steadily widening. This has been particularly evident in case of nature conservation law which is a part of environmental law. The fact of existence of authorities having specialized knowledge is particularly important in the context of new environmental tasks resulting from the implementation of European Union legal norms often using professional knowledge. The purpose of this article is to present the specialized authorities functioning in the field of nature conservation, the scope of taking advantage of their professional knowledge potential. The article also aims at taking of trial of assessment of adopted regulations accuracy concerning the division of tasks and competences of public authorities with regard to administration of forms of nature  conservation, as well as presenting de lege ferenda comments aiming at nature conservation tasks performing more effectively.
4
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The perception of national parks as a recreation system, as a tourism product, and tourist facility development in the opinion of park managing authoritiess

100%
Styperek J.
Studia Periegetica
|
2013
|
vol. 10(2)
139-145
EN
The paper contains the findings of a survey conducted in national parks in Poland. The research was addressed to the managing authorities of national parks (board of directors and organizational structures providing access for tourism). The survey deals with the perception of national parks in terms of three categories: recreation system, tourism product and tourist facility development. The findings enabled a detailed analysis of respondents’ attitude to the above mentioned categories and they were grounds for drawing conclusions concerning tourist and recreational use of national parks in Poland.
5

Atrakcyjność krajobrazu Doliny Prądnika w ocenie zwiedzających

100%
Ziarkowski D.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2011
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issue 857
63-76
EN
Set in the southern part of Cracow and Częstochowa Jura, the Prądnik Valley has for many years been a very popular tourist destination. In 1956, the middle part of the Prądnik Valley was earmarked to become the Ojców National Park. At present it is estimated that about 400,000 people visit the Park every year. The main tourist attraction of this area is the landscape with its many natural and cultural assets. The article includes the results of questionnaire research conducted in the summer season of 2008. The questionnaire asked tourists and visitors to assess the Prądnik Valley landscape and indicate its most interesting elements. They were supposed to choose one item from the list of the most important attractions, both natural and cultural. The interpretation of the results shows that the majority of respondents consider the Prądnik Valley landscape to be “attractive” (53%) or even “very attractive” (38%). The visitors indicated that the most interesting element of the landscape was the topography with its rock forms (68%), nature (14%), and architectural monuments (12%). According to 39% of respondents, the impressive rock formation called the Club of Hercules (Maczuga Herkulesa) in Pieskowa Skała is the symbol of the Ojców National Park. Another interesting finding is that cultural elements – especially the castles in Pieskowa Skała and Ojców – are also often associated with the Park. This shows that the great value of the Ojców National Park resides in its harmonious combination of natural and cultural assets. This rich heritage should undoubtedly be protected while also being made accessible to visitors in a responsible way.
6

The Role of National Parks in Promoting Sustainable and Responsible Tourism

100%
Szczęsna J., Wojtanowicz P.
Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy
|
2014
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issue 4(38)
19-25
EN
One of the contemporary challenges in the tourism industry is development in line with the idea of sustainable development. In order to implement these ideas and principles, broadly based social education is needed. National parks are institutions of great socio-educational impact and that is why they could be linked to the process of education for sustainable and responsible tourism. This article presents the results of a survey conducted in Polish national parks on their commitment to the process of social education promoting sustainable and responsible tourism, and indicates the still unused potential of national park activities which can contribute to raising public awareness in this regard.
PL
Jednym ze współczesnych wyzwań branży turystycznej jest rozwój turystyki zgodnie z koncepcją rozwoju zrównoważonego. Aby jednak idee i zasady turystyki zrównoważonej wprowadzić w życie potrzebna jest szeroka edukacja społeczna w tym zakresie. Do instytucji o dużym oddziaływaniu społeczno-wychowawczym należą parki narodowe i z tego względu mogłyby się one włączyć w proces edukacji na rzecz turystyki zrównoważonej i odpowiedzialnej. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych w polskich parkach narodowych na temat ich zaangażowania w proces edukacji społecznej na rzecz upowszechniania zasad turystyki zrównoważonej i odpowiedzialnej oraz wskazuje niewykorzystane jeszcze możliwości działania parków narodowych, które mogą przyczynić się do podniesienia świadomości społeczeństwa w tym zakresie.
7
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Causes of variations in the scale of tourism in Polish national parks

100%
Miazek P.
|
2020
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vol. 30
|
issue 1
71-83
EN
National parks are among the most frequently visited tourist places in Poland. Every year, millions of tourists travel to spend time there and their number is constantly rising. National parks take nearly 30% of all domestic tourism. However, the number of people visiting individual national parks strongly varies. Some parks are visited by millions, others by only several thousand. The article is an attempt to indicate the main causes of the varying number of tourists visiting national parks. By analysing individual features of tourism in specific national parks, especially in those where the differences are most visible, the author attempts to distinguish aspects which may explain this phenomenon.
8
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The public and economic aspects of the functioning of protected areas within a commune

88%
Jaros H.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2015
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vol. 19
|
issue 1
24-28
EN
Between 2009 and 2013, research was conducted in the commune offices for the Podlaskie voivodeship which have large areas of protected Natura 2000 sites. The research is repeated every few years and widened to include new communes. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of the protected areas on the economic conditions of the communes. It is widely assumed that protected areas generate income for communes, however the communes claim that they incur large additional costs. The surveyed communes were critical of obligatory legal requirements in relation to the protected areas. It was argued that there are problems with obtaining natural resources and with the establishment of new summer resorts, residential and farm buildings and infrastructure; as well as the use and management of the site. The communes’ benefits incidental to the ownership of the protected area are not clear. As part of the benefits, the protected areas offer an opportunity for tourism development. According to the communes, protected areas generate losses in which the estimated losses are several times higher than the potential income. Studies indicate that the conservation cost factor should be considered in terms of financing the communes from the state budget.
9
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Touristic development of the La Lopé National Park (Gabon) in light of the SWOT analysis

88%
Jędrusik M., Lisowski A., Mouketou-Tarazewicz D., Ropivia M.-L., Zagajewski B.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2015
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vol. 19
|
issue 3
5-13
EN
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the possibilities of touristic development of the La Lopé National Park and to indicate the most important barriers and limitations of the area exploitation. For this purpose a SWOT method was applied. This assignment presents the situation as of the end of 2014. The majority of the up-to-date data was collected during the mission, the purpose of which was to observe the region, and which was organized by Université Omar Bongo in Libreville and Warsaw University. The La Lopé National Park has a significant touristic potential which is very poorly used. The diagnose of the reasons for that can be an indicator for attempts to rationally use the resources of the region and present an appropriate development strategy.
10
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The public and economic aspects of the functioning of protected areas within a commune

88%
Jaros H.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2015
|
vol. 19
|
issue 1
24-28
EN
Between 2009 and 2013, research was conducted in the commune offices for the Podlaskie voivodeship which have large areas of protected Natura 2000 sites. The research is repeated every few years and widened to include new communes. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of the protected areas on the economic conditions of the communes. It is widely assumed that protected areas generate income for communes, however the communes claim that they incur large additional costs. The surveyed communes were critical of obligatory legal requirements in relation to the protected areas. It was argued that there are problems with obtaining natural resources and with the establishment of new summer resorts, residential and farm buildings and infrastructure; as well as the use and management of the site. The communes’ benefits incidental to the ownership of the protected area are not clear. As part of the benefits, the protected areas offer an opportunity for tourism development. According to the communes, protected areas generate losses in which the estimated losses are several times higher than the potential income. Studies indicate that the conservation cost factor should be considered in terms of financing the communes from the state budget.
11
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Nature-based tourism motivations and visit profiles of domestic and international segments to a Japanese national park

88%
Jones T. E., Nguyen M.-H.
Quaestiones Geographicae
|
2021
|
vol. 40
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issue 2
77-92
EN
The rapid post-millennial internationalisation of Japan’s tourism sector and the influx of international visitors have quickly increased visitor motivations’ heterogeneity, thereby posing challenges for management. Given the lack of prior research, we aimed to identify nature-based tourism (NBT) push-factor motivation domains of visitors in a Japanese national park and segment domestic and international visitors based on their motivations, demographics and trip profiles. Primary data collection of 137 responses took place in November 2019 through an on-site self-administered questionnaire. From 11 push-factor statements, the principal component analysis yielded a four-factor solution: ‘enjoying nature with family or friends’, ‘improving physical health’, ‘discovering and learning’ and ‘escaping’. In addition, t-tests revealed significant differences between domestic and international visitors in three out of the four motivation dimensions. Underlying visitor profiles could explain some such differences. Despite the differences, both international and domestic visitors share similar motivations regarding ‘improving physical health’. These findings hint at the complexity of monitoring heterogeneous visitor segments within Japanese NBT. Despite increasing international visitors, there has been a lack of the necessary infrastructure and facilities to accommodate them. Thus, this study’s implications might help diversify NBT management strategies to deal with current shortcomings in Japan’s tourism sector.
12
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ROZWÓJ TURYSTYKI W PARKACH NARODOWYCH W LATACH 2006–2015

75%
WĄSIK Ż.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja
|
2017
|
issue 1(19)
129-139
PL
Parki narodowe należą do najbardziej atrakcyjnych turystycznie obszarów Polski. W 2015 roku odwiedziło je 12 323,2 tys. turystów, którzy mogli skorzystać z różnych form turystyki. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, jak w latach 2006–2015 rozwijał się ruch oraz zagospodarowanie turystyczne w poszczególnych parkach narodowych w Polsce, a także wykazanie negatywnych aspektów związanych z nadmiernym natężeniem ruchu turystycznego. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę analizy zagospodarowania oraz ruchu turystycznego w poszczególnych parkach narodowych. Dokonano przeglądu badań z tego zakresu, a także do analizy wykorzystano dane Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Wykazano, że liczba turystów odwiedzających parki narodowe w 2015 roku wzrosła o 7,41%, zaś długość szlaków turystycznych zwiększyła się o 24,43%. Zmalała zaś liczba dostępnych miejsc noclegowych. Do głównych konsekwencji wzmożonego zainteresowania formą turystyki zaliczono niebezpieczeństwo degradacji środowiska spowodowane nadmiernym zagęszczeniem ruchu turystycznego. Stwierdzono, że formą przeciwdziałania negatywnym aspektom działalności turystycznej na obszarach chronionych jest włączenie do turystyki zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju.
EN
National Parks are the most attractive tourist areas in Poland. In 2015 they were visited by 12 323.2 thousand tourists who can benefit from various forms of tourism. The article aims is to examine how developed a tourist traffic in years 2006–2015 in national parks in Poland and demonstrate the negative aspects associated with excessive tourist traffic. The study attempts to analyze development and tourism in the various national parks. The author made a review of the literature and research on this field and analyze the data from Central Statistic Office. It has been shown that the number of tourists visiting national parks in 2015 increased by 7.41%, while the length of the hiking trails of 24.43%. Decreased the number of available beds. The main consequence of increased interest tourism in national parks is the danger of environmental degradation caused by excessive tourist traffic congestion. It was found that a form of counteracting the negative aspects of tourism in protected areas, is to incorporate the principles of sustainable development.
13

Multi-benefits of national parks and protected areas: an integrative approach for developing countries

75%
Atiqul Hag S. M.
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 1
1-11
EN
National parks and protected areas can contribute significantly to the needs of poor people who live in and around them and depend heavily on forest resources for their subsistence. Especially for the rural poor who have limited economic options, use of national park resources are the main source for their survival, giving them direct benefits from food, medicine and forest products. National parks can contribute to maintaining the ecosystem and biodiversity conservation, along with the economic benefits to the local population. National parks and protected areas can play a significant role in climate change mitigation as well. Nevertheless, benefits from these areas are not well recognized in management especially in developing countries by incorporating them for climate change mitigation. Though usually more priority is given to conservation, improvement of livelihood and climate change mitigation can be achieved by integrating national parks into management and policy, and by consideration of the potential of human resources. Thus the integration can improve the poverty situation of local people and help them to adapt to climatic change mitigation strategies. Therefore, management of national parks and protected areas should ensure the participation of local communities and stakeholders.
14
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Baza noclegowa i towarzysząca – wybrane elementy infrastruktury polskich parków narodowych w latach 2005‒2015

75%
Bera M., Zaremba A.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
|
2021
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vol. 19
|
issue 2
77-84
EN
National parks are a very attractive area for tourists. Millions of tourists come there every year, and their number is still growing. This causes many problems in managing the protected area. Therefore, it is important to provide adequate infrastructure and prepare tourist routes in these areas in order to harm nature as little as possible. The aim of the article is to characterize and evaluate the tourist and recreational development of national parks in Poland in the years 2005‒2015. On the basis of the collected empirical data from the Central Statistical Office a comparison was made of selected elements influencing the development and adaptation of a given area of a national park to tourist traffic. A comparative analysis showed the diversity of the studied parks in the discussed scope. The research shows that campsites and bivouacs had the largest share in the accommodation base in national parks, with a noticeable downward trend in each analyzed year. The number of resorts and holiday homes also decreased slightly. On the other hand, between 2005 and 2015 there is an upward trend in the density and length of trails, pistes, and rain shelters.
PL
Parki narodowe są obszarem bardzo atrakcyjnym turystycznie. Corocznie przybywają tam miliony turystów, a ich liczba ciągle rośnie. Powoduje to wiele problemów w zarządzaniu obszarem chronionym. Stąd też istotne jest zapewnienie odpowiedniej infrastruktury oraz przygotowanie tras turystycznych na tych obszarach tak, aby jak najmniej szkodzić przyrodzie. Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka i ocena zagospodarowania turystycznego i rekreacyjnego parków narodowych w Polsce w latach 2005–2015. Na podstawie zgromadzonych danych empirycznych pochodzących z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego dokonano porównania wybranych elementów wpływających na zagospodarowanie i przystosowanie danego obszaru parku narodowego do ruchu turystycznego, głównie bazy noclegowej i towarzyszącej. Analiza porównawcza wykazała zróżnicowanie badanych parków w omawianym zakresie. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że największy udział w bazie noclegowej w parkach narodowych miały kempingi i biwaki, z zauważalną tendencją spadkową w każdym analizowanym roku. Liczba ośrodków i domów wczasowych również uległa nieznacznemu zmniejszeniu. Ponadto, w latach 2005–2015 zauważa się tendencję wzrostową w gęstości i długości szlaków, długości nartostrad i schronów przeciwdeszczowych.
15
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Visitor segmentation in a mountain national park: the case of Karkonosze National Park in Poland

75%
Rogowski M.
Studia Periegetica
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2021
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vol. 36(4)
131-153
EN
As the number of people visiting national parks in Poland is constantly growing, it is important to recognise their varying motivations and preferences. This is particularly important in the most popular national parks, such as the National Park in the Karkonosze Mountains (KNP). KNP is visited by two millions tourists annually, which makes it the second most popular national park in Poland. The aim of study was to classify visitors of the national park in terms of their motivation to visit. Three main categories of visitors were identified: leisure seekers, nature lovers and active tourists. The category of leisure seekers was the largest and most diverse with respect to their preferences. Nature lovers knew a lot about the park, especially as regards its geodiversity and its fauna and flora. The number of active visitors keeps growing every year. Active tourism, especially in the KPN, requires advanced equipment and good physical fitness. The findings of the study tourism trends in mountain national parks and can provide insights for its management. The article ends with some predictions regarding future trends and changes in the classification of KPN visitors after the pandemic.
16

Social Media as a Tool of Building Reputation and Identity of National Parks

75%
Korená K., Pártlová P.
Communication Today
|
2023
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vol. 14
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issue 1
116-135
EN
Social media have turned out to be a suitable tool of marketing communication that enables the virtual connection of individual public accounts (profiles) to share information, data and create conditions for the joint implementation of activities. The submitted study focuses on the evaluation of the use of marketing communication in nine selected European national parks. The study analyses data that indicates the level of using social networking sites for presenting the official profiles and websites in the context of building reputation and identity in order to determine to what extent national parks use suitable tools of marketing communication and what are its possibilities and limitations. Marketing communication was examined using the rhetorical and descriptive analysis of text, which enabled performing a content analysis focused on three main parts: Pathos, Ethos and Logos. Within the descriptive analysis, another part of the research dealt with communication focused on the issue of education, environmental protection and business activities in the area of tourism. A new formula for calculating Social Media Effectiveness was proposed, calculated at a global level. Based on the results obtained, Plitvice Lakes National Park was rated the best, while the results in terms of marketing communication were recorded in the case of the Swiss national park, National Park Saechsische Schweiz. The main barrier to marketing communication is the reluctance to use English as the main language of communication and in the case of the Facebook platform, a higher number of posts. The results also showed that good marketing communication has an impact on the number of visitors to national parks and the right combination of published posts influences the behaviour of national park visitors. Furthermore, we confirmed the influence of communication on the possibility to educate especially the younger generation through media platforms, which is a positive finding.
17
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Evaluation of Old Oyo National Park efficiency using DEA Approach

63%
JACOB D., ONADEKO S., NELSON I., SHOTUYO A.
Economic and Environmental Studies
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2018
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vol. 18
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issue 1
193-210
EN
Measuring the efficiency of a national park is difficult due to, among other factors, the heterogeneity of resources supplied (e.g., budget, staffs) and outcomes expected (e.g., income, visitors’ flow). While this is an issue in protected area management, it has been approached successfully in other fields by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA has a number of advantages over other techniques as it simultaneously uses multiple heterogeneous inputs and outputs to determine which projects are performing most efficiently, referred to as being at the efficiency frontier, when compared to others in the data set. This study therefore uses DEA for the evaluation of management efficiency in Old Oyo National Park for the period of 2001-2015. The results showed that the park was efficient for 11 and 13 years, respectively, in terms of its overall technical and pure technical efficiency with a mean scale efficiency of 97%. Also, the park operated at 80% of its productive scale size. These results, and the use of DEA, highlight both the success of using this technique in helping determine protected area efficiency and those factors to consider while allocating resources for new projects at the park.
PL
Mierzenie efektywności parku narodowego jest trudne ze względu, między innymi, na takie czynniki jak heterogeniczność dostarczonych źródeł (np. dane nt. budżetu, personelu) oraz oczekiwanych rezultatów (np. dochód, przepływ odwiedzających). Gdy tak rzecz wygląda w zarządzaniu obszarem chronionym, w innych dziedzinach podejście może być stosowane z powodzeniem przez wykorzystanie granicznej analizy danych (DEA). DEA ma kilka zalet w porównaniu z innymi technikami gdyż równocześnie wykorzystuje wielorakie heterogeniczne dane wejściowe i wyjściowe w celu określenia które projekty są najskuteczniejsze, które to określa się jako graniczny obszar skuteczności w porównaniu z innymi w zestawie danych. Dlatego też w niniejszym badaniu używa się DEA do oceny skuteczności zarządzania w Parku Narodowym Old Oyo w okresie 2001-2015. Wyniki wskazują, że park ten był efektywnie zarządzany przez 11 i 13 lat, odpowiednio, jeśli idzie o ogólną techniczną oraz czysto techniczną skuteczność w średniej skali efektywności wynoszącej 97%. Również, park ten działał w 80% swojej całkowitej skali produktywności. Te wyniki oraz użycie DEA podkreślają zarówno sukces wykorzystania tej techniki w określaniu skuteczności obszaru chronionego oraz tych czynników, które należy rozważyć przy alokowaniu źródeł przeznaczonych dla projektów realizowanych w Parku.
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Perły Małopolski – impreza biegowa jako okoliczność do rozwoju przedsiębiorczości w obrębie i sąsiedztwie obszarów chronionych

63%
Warcholik W.
Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja
|
2015
|
vol. 11. Rola przedsiębiorczości w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym układów przestrzennych
327-338
PL
W pracy zweryfikowano hipotezę, iż obecność imprez biegowych jest okolicznością sprzyjającą rozwojowi przedsiębiorczości na terenie i w sąsiedztwie parków narodowych, w obrębie których wytyczono trasy zawodów sportowych. W tekście wykorzystano dokumentacje 10 edycji Pereł Małopolski i wnioski z czynnego udziału autora w tej cyklicznej imprezie biegowej, organizowanej od 2013 r. w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym, Ojcowskim Parku Narodowym, Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym, Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym i Gorczańskim Parku Narodowym. Perły Małopolski to nie tylko wydarzenie sportowe, lecz także nowatorski produkt na rynku usług turystycznych. W imprezie biorą udział zarówno wewnętrzni odbiorcy, czyli gospodarze i mieszkańcy jednostek, przez które przebiega trasa biegu, jak i zewnętrzni uczestnicy: biegacze, ich rodziny, turyści, przedsiębiorcy. Cykl ten stał się więc ważnym czynnikiem kształtowania pozytywnego wizerunku danego miejsca. W opracowaniu wykazano duże rezerwy w możliwościach włączania się w opisaną inicjatywę podmiotów lokalnych, znajdujące potwierdzenie w szerszej grupie opracowań nad klimatem dla rozwoju przedsiębiorczości turystycznej w Małopolsce. Cykl Perły Małopolski jest przykładem relacji organizator – lokalny gospodarz, w której władze lokalne, przedsiębiorcy i zarządzający obszarem chronionym stopniowo otwierają się na innowacyjne formy użytkowania i gospodarowania, postrzegając je jako szanse a nie zagrożenie.
EN
The study verified the premise that the presence of running events constitutes a factor conducive to the development of entrepreneurship in and adjacent to national parks, within which routes for competitions are marked. In order to write the article, documentation was employed from ten editions of Pearls of Malopolska and the conclusions of the author’s active participation in this regular, cross-country running event, which has been organised since 2013 in the following National Parks: Pieniński, Ojcowski, Babiogorski, Tatrzański and Gorczanski. Pearls of Malopolska is a sporting event but also an innovative product on the tourist services market. The event involves internal recipients, i.e. the hosts and residents of units through which the routes run, as well as external participants such runners, their families, tourists and businessmen. Pearls of Malopolska has become an important factor in shaping the positive image of a given place. The author has demonstrated large reserves of possibilities of involvement in the described initiative of local entities, which has been confirmed in a larger group of studies on the climate for the development of business tourism in the Malopolska region). The Pearls of Malopolska cycle is an example of the relationship between the administrator and the local host, in which local authorities, businesses and managers of the protected area gradually open up to innovative forms of use and management, seeing it as an opportunity and not as a threat.
19
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The development of tourism in protected areas and the exploitation of the natural environment by local communities in Africa and Asia

63%
Dudek A., Kwiatkowska J. M.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2004
|
vol. 11
263-269
EN
From an economic point of view, protected areas do not bring in high profits, in comparison to other possible ways of land usage. National parks and nature reserves are costly in their creation, as well as in their subsequent upkeep and management. In developing countries, their operation can be the source of many political and economic problems. Usually, local communities neighboring protected areas perceive the existence of a protected zone negatively, although they are often able to avail themselves of park resources in various ways. Besides being given the opportunity to rationally make use of certain park resources, community members may be employed as park attendants, which is a practice that is widespread. A part of the profits obtained from the developing tourist industry may be allocated towards local development programs, e.g. the building of a new hospital or school. Some national parks, while lacking the adequate infrastructure necessary for tourism, grapple with a lack of funds. The lack of earning opportunities in connection with the development of tourism results in the local community's over-exploitation of park resources. This often manifests itself in an increased incidence of poaching in the protected area.
20

Administrowanie formami ochrony przyrody

63%
Sobieraj K.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2013
|
vol. 23
|
issue 4
145-166
EN
The article analyses the provisions of the Polish law regulating various forms of nature conservation, authorised organs, and instruments of nature conservation. The act of 16 April 2004 regulates the goals, principles, and forms of protecting the flora and fauna, inanimate nature, and landscape. According to the legislator, a form of nature conservation is a legal institution serving to achieve goals related to nature conservation. Such a form involves isolating a particular object (area, landmark, species) that is distinguished by some features, declaring it as protected, attributing to it a special legal regime in which it is strongly prohibited to act to the detriment of this object, and determining criminal liability for infringement of such prohibitions. The latest comprehensive regulation in this area is embodied by provisions associated with the area of Natura 2000. However, the overlap of competences that arise from these regulations makes it difficult to undertake investments, which are vital for the development of areas that enjoy special status.
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