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EN
The article considers the Bulgarian translations of Aesop’s fairy tales done in the nineteenth century. Then they occupied an important place in the textbooks for the newly emerging secular schools. As a popular reading, they also played an important role in the discussion on normalization of the Bulgarian language.
EN
The article depicts reflection over the issue of changes in the Bulgarian anthroponymy from the Bulgarian  National  Revival  period,  which  usually  consists  in  an  inconsistent,  i.e.  concerning only several  historical  figures,  substitution  of  the  Greek  form  Joan  by  the  native  form-  Ivan. Furthermore, the author does not comprehensively answer the questions how and why it happened, although they present the issue as a complex one and possible to conceptualize in myriad ways.
EN
This study examines, dealing with proto-ethnographic and historiographical texts originated in the 18th and early 19th century, the transformation and displacement of Orientalist discourses on the ‘nomadic national character’ of the Slavic population of the Czech Lands.
EN
Using the travel accounts of specific figures of Croatian romanticism, this article analyzes the relationship between travel writing and personal writing (travel journals, correspondence) and the ideologies of unification and revival that were widespread in Croatia at the time. This article demonstrates the formal and ideological subordination of the actual journeys (travel) and their published accounts (travel writing) to the overarching objective of creating a new Croatian nation, language, and literature. Nineteenth-century Slavophilia shaped the perspectives authors brought to the lands they traveled, compelling them to take on the role of ethnographer and advocate for all aspects that seem Slavic, Croatian, or at all related to folk heritage. Metatextual passages in these texts speak directly to the given text’s function and poetics, demonstrating the notion that this genre was understood in cognitive and utilitarian terms.
PL
Na przykładzie relacji podróżniczych wybranych przedstawicieli chorwackiego romantyzmu w artykule analizowane są zależności między podróżopisarstwem i intymistyką (dziennik podróży, listy z podróży) a dominującymi w tym czasie w Chorwacji ideami wspólnotowymi oraz odrodzeniowymi. Artykuł pokazuje formalne i ideowe podporządkowanie samych wypraw (podróży) oraz publikowanych opisów (podróżopisarstwa) nadrzędnym celom kreacji nowego chorwackiego narodu, nowego języka, nowej literatury. Dziewiętnastowieczne słowianofilstwo zdominowało perspektywę oglądu odwiedzanych terytoriów, spowodowało wejście podróżnika w rolę etnografa i apologety wszystkiego, co słowiańskie, chorwackie, ludowe. Metatekstualne fragmenty dzieł poświęcone zagadnieniom poetyki i funkcji danego tekstu dokumentują postrzeganie gatunku w kategoriach poznawczych, pośredniczących, utylitarnych.
EN
The study reveals genesis of national educational ideal elements and Ukrainian studies component of pedagogical process content in Ostroh and Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the XVI–XVIII centuries. The conducted analysis made it possible to distinguish a series of factors of the Ukrainian university idea genesis: Ukrainian nation formation, traditional endeavor of Ukrainians for education, experience of «intellectual tourism» in Europe, Ukrainian Hetmans’ policy, traditions of charity, public and private initiatives. Endeavor of the teachers and students for meeting the right for national higher education, demands to eliminating censorship restrictions on literature, cancelling prohibition of Ukrainian language, developing of the Ukrainian language studios in academic, research and educational activities of Lviv, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Novorossiysk Universities in the XIX – early XX centuries is revealed in the research. It is proved that the idea of Ukrainian National University got favorable conditions for realization in the period of national state establishment in 1917–1920. Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University (1917) became the prototype of the national high school that combined classical education content with deep Ukrainian nationalistic component. Innovative potential of Kamenets-Podolsk Ukrainian State University that successfully implemented the right for higher education and adequate to national needs was defined. Developmental peculiarities of conceptual approaches to the Ukrainian University idea and its implementation during national state establishment in 1917–1920: constructive policy of the Ukrainian Governments aimed at fostering a citizen of Ukraine and that of the world, which was based on the principles of consistence, tolerance, diversity, social, gender and national equality, respect for the autonomy of higher educational institutions, broad public participation; affirmation of the right for writing and defending a thesis in the Ukrainian language; expansion of the Ukrainian studies range, activation of scientific schools work; native language competence of a new Ukrainian intelligentsia generation representatives, their involvement in the educational work implementation among the population were determined. Among these three approaches (radical, moderate and conservative) as a result of lively discussions, the supporters of gradual establishment of the Ukrainian University won a victory (revolutionary means were rejected, temporary bilingualism, coexistence of the Ukrainian and Russian higher education institutions were admitted). The subject of further research will become foreign institutions contribution to elaboration of Ukrainian studies subject matter and development of National University idea.
EN
The year 1918, which brought the split of the Habsburg monarchy and the rise of Czechoslovakia, represented the final completion of the constitution of the modern nation-state society. This complicated process, not very precisely named by its contemporaries as "national revival", was a result in both the Slavic and non-Slavic Central European milieux of the complicated emancipation movement of the Czech and Slovak nations. This newlyfounded state had been based upon a kinship of language and ethnicity, but its peoples still had differing historical and confessional traditions as well as developmental potentialities. Therefore, the official ideology of unitarian Czechoslovakism held up the construction of a higher-level Czechoslovak unity in the cultural sphere, but, in reality, there were more diverse literary discourses which proliferated both in integrational and disintegrational forms, as well as artistic poetics, ethnic minorities, and several co-existing languages. In the interwar period of 1918-1939, there was a dynamized literary development freeing the creative potential of artistic generations and single subjects; this was politically influenced by Masaryk’s idea of democratic community in the geopolitical space between the West and the East in both cultures. This situation in Czech and Slovak literatures contributed to a more intensive self-reflection of European ideological and aesthetic currents through which both literatures moved closer to world literature in their most celebrated creations.
EN
The nineteenth-century national revival in Bulgaria can be described, above all, as aperiod of building national identity and ethnic community ties. The origin of such aprocess was the fact that Bulgarians decided to turn to their long forgotten past. The process of discovery, learning and becoming aware by “touching” using all the senses symbolically began with the Paisij Chilendarski’s text. It became the key element of along list of Bulgarian literary and journalistic works that were ingrained in the ideology of rebirth and revival and laid strong foundations for the first Bulgarian historical novel by Lyuben Karavelov, published between 1873 and 1874.
EN
This article deals with the perception of the first year of the Greek Revolution by the Czech media, especially the weekly Wlastenský Zwěstovatel. The study very briefly presents the historical framework that led to the Greeks’ national awakening. When tracking the development in 1821 it places emphasis on tracking evens in the Danube region, based on a historicalcomparative analysis of the relevant news content with reference to the sources of information used. Another goal of this study is to present new findings on the attitude of Czech society and Czech journalists toward the revolt of a Christian nation that was demanding its freedom and independence form the Ottoman Empire. This has been done with full awareness that the above-mentioned weekly was published at the high tide of Metternich’s absolutism and the main sources of information were Austrian newspapers that Chancellor Metternich had complete control over.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad świadomością narodową społeczeństwa Białorusi i jej rolą w samoidentyfikacji narodowej Białorusinów. Ocenę stopnia świadomości narodowej autor przedstawił w kontekście polityki historycznej, a zwłaszcza istotnego dylematu (konieczności wyboru) między Zachodem, reprezentowanym przez Polskę i Litwę, a Wschodem, który jest utożsamiany z Rosją? Odrodzenie narodowe Białorusinów ukazane zostało w związku z fiaskiem polityki rusyfikacyjnej władz, realizowanej w latach 1995-2014 – od referendum w sprawie przywrócenia symboliki z czasów Białoruskiej SRR i równości języka rosyjskiego, do aneksji ukraińskiego Krymu i rozpoczęcia wojny hybrydowej w Donbasie. Wspomniane wydarzenia wpłynęły na zmianę postrzegania Rosji przez władze i patriotycznie świadomą część społeczeństwa. Uważana uprzednio za państwo sojusznicze, Rosja stała się w świadomości Białorusinów mocarstwem perspektywicznie zagrażającym niepodległości Białorusi. Jest to widoczne zwłaszcza w obliczu powtarzających się nacisków Rosji na pogłębienie integracji obu państw.
EN
The article contains the results of research on the national consciousness of Belarusian society and its role in the national self-identification of Belarusians. The author assessed the degree of national awareness in the context of historical policy, and in particular the important dilemma (necessity of choice) between the West, represented by Poland and Lithuania, and the East, which is identified with Russia. The national revival of Belarusians was shown in connection with the fiasco of the Russification policy of the authorities, implemented in 1995-2014 - from the referendum on the restoration of the symbols of the Belarusian SSR and the equality of the Russian language, to the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea and the start of the hybrid war in the Donbass. These events changed the perception of Russia by the authorities and the patriotic conscious part of society. Previously considered an ally, Russia became a power in the minds of Belarusians that threatens Belarus's independence in future. This is especially evident in the face of Russia's repeated pressure to deepen the integration of both countries.
|
2019
|
vol. 18
|
issue 2
247-261
EN
In different periods, Christian wall paintings have visualised various attitudes towards programmes, images and iconographies that were closely linked with the religious identities of communities. Following the emergence of nationalism in Georgia in the mid-19th century, wall paintings of this period also began to respond to national identity. The chronological limits of this article are determined by crucial events in the history of the country, such as the conquest of East Georgia by the Russian Empire in 1801 and the proclamation of the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918. Between these two events, a number of church paintings was created throughout Georgia. Some of them fully intended to promote the Russian imperial identity and served to consolidate the power of the Empire over the conquered country. While others, reflected the ideas and aspirations of Georgian nationalism. They are very different from the medieval examples displaying a growing interest in national saints and the events of Christian Georgian history. This paper is focused on the most significant examples.
PL
W różnych okresach chrześcijańskie malarstwo naścienne wizualizowało różnoraki stosunek do programów, obrazów, ikonografii i było blisko połączone z religijną identyfikacją społeczeństwa. Pod wpływem rozwoju nacjonalizmu w Gruzji w połowie XIX w. malarstwo naścienne również zaczęło odpowiadać potrzebom identyfikacji narodowej. Ramy czasowe artykułu zakreślają najważniejsze wydarzenia z historii tego kraju, takie jak podbój Wschodniej Gruzji przez Imperium Rosyjskie w 1801 r. i proklamowanie niepodległości przez Demokratyczną Republikę Gruzji w 1918 r. Pomiędzy tymi dwoma wydarzeniami w Gruzji powstało wiele malowideł sakralnych. Niektóre z nich miały na celu promowanie poczucia przynależności do Rosji i służyły konsolidacji władzy imperium nad podbitym krajem. Inne odzwierciedlały idee i aspiracje gruzińskiego nacjonalizmu. Różniły się one od średniowiecznych realizacji, ukazując wzrastające zainteresowanie narodowymi świętymi i wydarzeniami z historii gruzińskiego chrześcijaństwa. W artykule omówiono najbardziej znaczące ich przykłady.
EN
In relation to the question of by what means the Belarusian newspaper „Naša niva“ conceptualizes Belarusian national space, and, simultaneously, Belarusian national literature the article discusses the profiling and function of Polish literature and writers within the newspaper. An analysis of the corpus of translations and of the selection and evaluation of authors and literary phenomena reveals strategies of dissimilation (getting visible) and, more important, of appropriation of literary resources (gaining dignity). Discursive strategies of ikonifying and hybridizing discern representatives of Polish literature as either Polish ‘proper’ („close but alien“), or as Polish ‘improper’ (actually Belarusian). Thus, the presentation of Polish literature is part of „Naša niva“’s general strategy to conceptualize and establish a Belarusian literary tradition.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie funkcjonowanie literatury i pisarzy polskich na łamach białoruskiej „Naszej Niwy” w kontekście pytania, za pomocą jakich środków gazeta konceptualizuje białoruską przestrzeń narodową oraz białoruską literaturę narodową. Analiza korpusu przekładów, dokonywanych wyboru i ocen polskich autorów oraz przedstawianych na łamach pisma fenomenów literackich ujawnia zjawiska dysymilacji i – co istotne – przyswojenia polskiego dyskursu literackiego (przejęcie wartości). Dyskursywne strategii ikonizacji oraz hybrydyzacji określają przedstawicieli literatury polskiej jako „prawdziwych” („bliskich lecz obcych”) albo jako „nieprawdziwych” (w istocie białoruskich). Taka prezentacja literatury polskiej jawi się jako charakterystyczna dla „Naszej Niwy” strategia konceptualizacji i porządkowania białoruskiej tradycji literackiej.
RU
В статье рассматривается презентация и функция польской литературы и польских писателей в белорусской газете „Наша нива” в связи со следующей проблемой: с помощью каких средств эта газета создает концепцию белорусского национального пространства и, одновременно, белорусскую национальную литературу. Анализ корпуса переводов, отбор и оценка польских авторов и литературных феноменов выявляет акты диссимиляции и, что более важно, присвоения литературных ресурсов (приобретение достоинства). Дискурсивные стратегии иконофикации и гибридизации определяют представителей польской литературы или как „настоящих” („близких, но чужих”), или как „ненастоящих” польских (то есть, на самом деле, белорусских). Таким образом, презентация польской литературы – это часть общей „нашенивской” стратегии концептуализации и конструирования белорусской литературной традиции.
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