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EN
Zadie Smith’s latest novel, NW, presents a multiverse in which multiplicity is driven into homogeneization by the forces of those dominant discourses that attempt to suppress the category of the “Other.” This paper focuses on the development of the two female protagonists. Their opposing attitudes towards motherhood, together with their confrontation with their origins, bring to the fore the performativity found in the discourses of gender, sexuality, class, and race. Thus, this paper will explore authenticity and performativity in a contemporary context, where patriarchal and neocolonial discourses still apply.
EN
The article examines one of the key factors of modern European philosophy and outlook - neocolonialistic and orientalistic mentality of nowadays Europe and its impact on the informatioanal sphere and the character of inernational relations. Neocolonialism and orientalism are, thus, studied in the context of the analysis of westernm media coverage of Ukrainian crisis which occasionaly appears to be stereotyped and deeply engaged.
PL
The article is devoted to discussing the problem of education as a tool of religious dominance in Haiti between Catholics, Protestants and Vodou practitioners. This article examines the most important aspects of the religious situation in Haiti from the colonial period to the present days in a historical context. In this article the author uses the data analysis of publications, reports, non-governmental organisations and foreign press review. The author discusses the specific processes and forms of social activities, which created the modern neocolonial system of education in Haiti and presents the main causes of religious conversion and the role of Vodou after conversion to Protestantism.
EN
This paper examines the various ways in which contemporary Latin American science fiction films contest the neocolonial and neoliberal narratives, dominant in the region since the 20th century. I identify and examine strategies that filmmakers employ to challenge the common understanding of such notions as time, modernity and technological progress. I outline the visions of dystopias presented in the examined films, while also analyzing the counter-narratives introduced by filmmakers, which are mostly focused on creating a new, hybrid identity for a future citizen.
EN
In the first half of the 1970s Witold Kieżun, basing on the contributions of the Polish school of praxiology, presented his theory of pathology of organization. Recently in the book on pathology of transformation he attempted — in my view, unsuccessfully — to apply this theory to the analysis and evaluation of the process of systemic and especially economic transformation in Poland. In this paper I try to present apartial critique of his position. First, the theory of pathology organization, that is reconstructed in the first chapter of his last book, is largely incompatible with market conditions and as such it impedes the understanding of the working of organizations within the framework of market calculative environment — because of it I point to some defects of the said theory. Second, this theory has little in common with later description of pathology of transformation, that is based not on the theory of praxeology, but on the ideology of neocolonialism — therefore I present also acritique of basic propositions of this ideology. Third, Iindicate, basing on some case studies, that Kieżun’s selection of data in the description of privatization processes is largely biased — consid­ering the wider context allows us to understand that the scale of “pathologies” during privatization had to be much smaller than is suggested in the book. Fourth, Ipoint out that vague alternative pre­sented by Kieżun does not take into account the realities of transformation, although — as is implied in many passages of the book — he was well aware of them.
EN
In this article we interrogate neoliberal assemblages within the context of eating and feeding practices in early childhood education. We consider how neoliberal assemblages are enacted and created through multiple linkages between micro and macro regulations and policies, and everyday food routines. We attend to the embodied intensities, desires and affects that accompany these neoliberal formations. In particular, we are interested in making visible entanglements between particular situated neoliberal assemblages and racialization and neocolonialism. In our analysis, we consider how eating and food routines, situated within Inuit early childhood education, come to matter as instances of neoliberal encounters that merge with other discursive and material forces to create particular, situated and at times contradictory neoliberal assemblages that have colonizing and racializing effects on the capacities of certain bodies in certain spaces.
PL
Autor podejmuje kwestię mrocznej strony mobilności i ruchów migracyjnych, zwracając uwagę na zjawisko handlu ludźmi (human trafficking). Wychodząc od teoretycznych propozycji Arjuna Appaduraia, Loska przyjmuje założenie, że film jako nośnik etnoobrazów jest tekstem kultury odzwierciedlającym zachodzące przemiany i zdolnym do przedstawienia problemów społecznych. Nie znaczy to, że fikcja artystyczna jest „niewinna” ideologicznie, bowiem większość filmów analizowanych przez autora korzysta ze schematów gatunkowych kina popularnego. W imieniu pokrzywdzonych przemawiają reprezentanci kultury zachodniej (jako wytwórcy tekstów i ich bohaterowie). Większość przywoływanych przez Loskę przykładów potwierdza tezę Gayatri Spivak, że „podporządkowani” są pozbawieni głosu. Nie są też odbiorcami filmowych opowieści, gdyż te skierowano do dominującej większości pragnącej katharsis. Nie znaczy to bynajmniej, że należy porzucić tę perspektywę jako uwikłaną w (neo)kolonialną ideologię, ale raczej ze świadomością jej ograniczeń wydobyć z teksów należących do kultury popularnej to, co pozwala na przedstawienie rzeczywistych zagrożeń – problemu handlu kobietami i zmuszania ich do prostytucji.
EN
The author addresses the issue of the dark side of mobility and migration, paying particular attention to the phenomenon of human trafficking. Following theoretical work of Arjun Appadurai, Loska accepts the assumption that film as a carrier of ethnoscapes is a cultural text reflecting changes taking place and capable of showing social problems. This does not mean that the artistic fiction is ideologically innocent, as most of the films analysed by the author rely on schemas associated with particular genres of popular cinema. Members of Western cultures (both as script writers and the protagonists) speak in the name of the victims. Most films referred to by Loska confirm the thesis of Gayatri Spivak, that the subaltern are deprived of a voice. They are also not present in the audience, as the films are dedicated to the majority, who are in need of a catharsis. This does not mean however that this perspective should be abandoned as one involved in (neo)colonial ideology. Rather, while remaining aware of its limitations, one should extract from the texts belonging to the popular culture, that which allows one to identify and present the real threat: the problem of trafficking in women and forcing them into prostitution.
PL
Autor artykułu przedstawia krytykę neoliberalizmu w kontekście celów rozwoju zrównowa-żonego. Odwołując się do wybranych krytyków doktryny neoliberalnej przedstawia jej genezę, podstawowe założenia oraz sposób, w jaki wpłynęła na współczesny kształt ładu politycznego i ekonomicznego. Autor analogicznie prezentuje podstawowe zagadnienia, które legły u podstaw koncepcji rozwoju zrównoważonego oraz stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie: jak korespondują one z neoliberalną ideologią i praktyką. W oparciu o podział celów zrównoważonego rozwoju według Stefana Kozłowskiego analizuje wpływ neoliberalizmu na wybrane dziedziny życia społecznego. Krytyka neoliberalizmu została przedstawiona pod kątem celów społecznych i humanitarnych (likwidacji głodu, analfabetyzmu, rozwoju edukacji, zaspokojenia potrzeb intelektualnych naro-dów, ochrony zdrowia i życia ludzkiego, położenie kresu wojnom, nienawiści, rasizmowi, szowi-nizmowi, zniewoleniu i dominacji jednych narodów nad innymi); pod kątem celów ekologicznych (powstrzymania degradacji środowiska naturalnego, zapewnienia przetrwania gatunków, zwięk-szenia bogactwa przyrody); pod kątem wpływu na światowy ład ekonomiczny (zaspokojenia potrzeb materialnych społeczeństw, zróżnicowania tempa wzrostu dochodu narodowego na osobę w różnych regionach świata, transferu kapitału i nagromadzonych bogactw, dostosowania technik i technologii produkcji do wymogów środowiska, zaprzestania produkcji ukierunkowanej na cele wojskowe. Autor przytacza w powyższych kwestiach opinię wybranych krytyków doktryny neoli-beralnej, podając przykłady neoliberalnych założeń i praktyk będących w sprzeczności z ideałami rozwoju zrównoważonego. Rozważania kończy stwierdzeniem, iż doktryna neoliberalna, ze względu na swoje dogmaty, charakter oraz sposób wykorzystania nie jest w stanie zrealizować celów rozwoju zrównoważonego. Stanowi ona dla nich swoistą przeciwwagę.
EN
The article presents the critique of neoliberalism in the context of the objectives of sustaina-ble development. By referring to some critics of neoliberal doctrine the author shows its origins, the basic assumptions and the way in which it affected the shape of modern political and economic governance. By analogy it presents basic issues underlying the concept of sustainable development and seeks to answer the question of how they correspond with the neoliberal ideology and practice. Based on the division of sustainable development conducted by Stefan Kozłowski the author analyzes the impact of neoliberalism on selected aspects of social life. Criticism of neo-liberalism has been presented in terms of social and humanitarian purposes (liquidation of famine, the liqui-dation of illiteracy, education, meeting the needs of intellectual people, the protection of human health and life, putting an end to wars, hatred, racism, chauvinism, slavery and domination of one nation over others), in terms of environmental objectives (to stop the degradation of the environ-ment of the planet, ensuring the survival of the species, increasing the wealth of nature in terms of the impact of the global economic order (satisfying the material needs of societies, diversity of growth of national income per capita in different regions of the world, transfer capital and accumu-lated wealth, adapting techniques and technology to environmental requirements, cessation of production aimed at military targets. Author cites an opinion of some critics of neoliberal doctrine on the above issues, giving examples of neo-liberal assumptions and practices that are in conflict with the ideals of sustainable development. The author finishes considerations by saying that the neo-liberal doctrine, due to its dogmas, the nature and the use is not able to achieve the objectives of sustainable development. It is juxtaposed to it.
EN
The importance of the colonial era in world history can hardly be exaggerated. In recent years, we have seen a rapid growth of publications dedicated to colonialism and, primarily, to postcolonialism. Some philologists, cultural studies theorists, historians, sociologists and political scientists, lawyers, economists and even physicians and psychologists have spoken on these issues. This results in terminological chaos and different interpretations of many seemingly obvious concepts, calling for some order to be introduced. The aim of this paper is to define basic categories, such as colonialism and decolonization, neo-colonialism and postcolonialism, as well as to indicate their territorial and chronological boundaries. This is an attempt to explain the matters written from the perspective of a scholar dealing with the history of colonialism, that is a historian and political scientist combined. The paper presents considerations with regard to the definition, scope and concept of colonialism, its development in the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries – from its genesis, through the expansion of European states, until its crisis, which started in the early years of World War I and, finally, to its collapse after World War II. Next, the concept of decolonization is touched upon along the factors accelerating the decolonization process. New proposals of periodization also come into view. The final part of the paper mulls over postcolonialism and, by this token, reflects on colonialism and, first and foremost, on its aftermath and remnants in the modern world. Increasingly nowadays, studies are not restricted only to the history of colonialism and decolonization, and it is emphasized that there are different types of subordination. Therefore, a new approach should cover the history and perspectives of all the subsidiary groups, such as marginalized people (that includes women, lower social classes, national and sexual minorities, etc.). In this sense, colonialism still exists, and perhaps this is the reason for the increased academic interest in issues which seemed not long ago to be merely a historical category.
PL
Trudno przecenić znaczenie epoki kolonialnej dla dziejów świata. W ostatnich latach obserwujemy wręcz lawinowy wzrost publikacji już nie tylko o kolonializmie ale przede wszystkim o postkolonializmie. Głos zabierają filolodzy, kulturoznawcy, historycy, socjolodzy i politolodzy, prawnicy, ekonomiści a nawet medycy i psycholodzy, co często wprowadza chaos i różne rozumienie wielu wydawałoby się oczywistych pojęć. To wszystko wymaga uporządkowania. Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie podstawowych kategorii takich jak kolonializm i dekolonizacja, neokolonializm i postkolonializm, zakreślenie ich granic terytorialnych i chronologicznych. To swego rodzaju próba wyjaśnienia dyskusji, pisana przez historyka i politologa, a więc z perspektywy człowieka zajmującego się dziejami kolonializmu. W artykule przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące definicji i zakresu pojęcia kolonializm, jego rozwój w XIX i pierwszej połowie XX wieku – od genezy poprzez ekspansję państw europejskich aż do jego kryzysu, którego początki widzieć powinniśmy już w latach I wojny światowej i wreszcie jego rozpadu po II wojnie światowej. Następnie omówiono pojęcie dekolonizacji, czynniki przyśpieszające dekolonizację oraz nowe propozycje periodyzacyjne. Ostatnia część artykułu to rozważania na temat postkolonializmu, a więc nowej refleksji nad kolonializmem a przede wszystkim nad jego konsekwencjami i pozostałościami we współczesnym świecie. Coraz częściej bowiem nie ograniczano się tylko do historii kolonializmu i dekolonizacji. Podkreślano, że istnieją różne rodzaje podporządkowania, a nowe ujęcie powinno dotyczyć historii i perspektyw wszystkich grup podporządkowanych np. ludzi zmarginalizowanych (klas niższych, kobiet, mniejszości narodowych i seksualnych itp.). W tym sensie kolonializm trwa nadal i stąd być może ten wzrost zainteresowania i aktualność problematyki, która jeszcze niedawno wydawała się kategorią już tylko historyczną.
EN
Two years after the outbreak of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen continues chaotic transition to democracy. Fighting Intensifies in Syria, while in other countries (Mali, Morocco, Jordan) situation also becomes more and more tense. Although their regimes hold fast to protest movements have not been entirely suppressed. In Mali, the Tuareg secession intensifies. Azawad state emerged. Western states are considering various options to resolve the conflict, more and more talk of military intervention. The disintegration of Mali, as well as before the division of Somalia and Sudan dramatically shows the fragility of the limits imposed on Africa by the colonial powers. So how do we react to the movements for independence in the Sahel. Heads of states grouped in the Community of West African States in favour of retaining power by Mali. In this region of Africa we still have to deal with the whole “system conflicts” pervasive across national borders. Thus, the real threat for Europe and one of the reasons for the intervention of French forces in the Republic of Mali.
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