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1
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Neoklasycystyczne kościoły i kaplice Poznania : projekty, realizacje i konserwacja wybranych obiektów

100%
Hałas H.
Ochrona Zabytków
|
2001
|
issue 3
317-329
EN
The sacral architecture of Poznań during the inter-war period was dominated by Classical churches and chapels. The parish churches of the Lord’s Resurrection in Wilda and St. John Vianney in Sołacz constitute essential vista accents, both as regards their architectural quality created by celebrated Poznań-based architects and associated with the landscape of monumental spatial disposition. The first church to realise the premises of Classicism was the commemorative church of the Resurrectionists, built in 1923 according to a project by Aleksander Kapuściński in a traditional scheme of a classical temple embellished with a three-column Ionian portico crowned with an armorial cartouche in a triangular tympanon. In 1925 the eastern part of the church became blended into the monastic house designed by the architect in an analogous style. The whole complex was supplemented by a campanilla erected in 1937 according to a project by Tadeusz Hornung. The picturesque location of the complex on the edge and slopes of the escarpment over the Warta made it possible to create a two-level terrace garden, whose upper part, in the shape of a courtyard closed with a bannister, was combined with the lower part with a slope fortified by means of three-lane stairs. A different form within the doctrine of Classicism was granted to the church of St. John Vianney, built in 1930 according to a project by Stanisław Mieczkowski in the form of a dome rotunda encircled with an area including a presbytery closed on three sides, covered with a dome and flanked with a pair of sacristies whose facade was shaped by means of a six-column Corinthian portico. The church obtained a key localisation in the garden district of Sołacz on a considerable hillock, thus crowning the prolongation of the diagonal axis of the park stretching at its foot. Despite the rather small scale, its solid, upthrust with a terraced arrangement of stairs, appears to be imposing, surrounded by the loose villa development. The Classical style is also represented by the chapel of St. Lazarus (today: the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary), built in 1924 according to a project by Adam Ballensteadt with a cohesive, elongated solid covered with a ridge roof with an ave-bell. The characteristic feature of the front elevation is an axial two-column arcade while the back elevation is preceded by an Ionian columnade. To the west the chapel was blended with the buildings of the hospice of the Mercy of St. Vincent à Paolo, thus creating the frontage of Sielska Street in Górczyn. Serious wartime damage was rapidly eliminated thanks to the initiative of the parish priests. During the last two decades of the twentieth century the church of the Lord’s Resurrection regained its former brilliance due to conducted conservation, while the interior of the church of St. John Vianney partially lost its original appearance owing to a new painted decoration of the dome and the modernisation of the presbytery. From the conservation viewpoint protection is due not only to the architecture of the discussed objects, but also to the asserts of their spatial planning, which the Poznań churches have preserved up to this day, thus comprising prominent accents within their districts and, at the same time, within the far perspectives of the widely comprehended town landscape.
2
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W poszukiwaniu potencjału zmiany szkoły. O typie biograficznym zboczeńca

100%
Makowska A.
Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN
|
2014
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vol. 1
PL
W artykule stawiam tezę o potencjale zmiany normatywnego porządku rzeczywistości szkolnej, który tkwi w wybranych zachowaniach uczestników i uczestniczek życia szkolnego. Opisuję go przez pryzmat neoklasycznie odczytanego typu biograficznego zboczeńca, jednego z typów wyróżnionych przez Floriana Znanieckiego w pracy Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości. Perspektywą teoretyczną badań, na podstawie których stawiam tę tezę, jest kulturalizm. Strategią pozyskiwania i analizy danych: etnografia. W zakończeniu przywołuję koncepcję subwersji znaczeń Juditch Buttler, jako propozycję użycia języka do zmiany myślenia i konstruowania rzeczywistości.
EN
In the article I put the thesis about the potential for the change of the normative order of the school reality, which is present in the selected behaviour patterns of the school life’s participants. I describe it through the prism of the neoclassically understood type of the biographical pervert, one of the types distinguished by Florian Znaniecki in Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future. The theoretical perspective of the research, I base my thesis on, is culturalism. The strategy for obtaining and analyzing data is ethnography. In conclusion I mention Judith Buttler’s concept of the subversion of meaning, as the proposal for using the language to change the way we think and construct reality.
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Seeing things by Anna Margolin

100%
Francuz A.
Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities
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2016
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issue 6
261–267
PL
Jeśli przywołać najważniejsze dla tej poezji słowa, należałoby rozpocząć opowieść od kamieni, lilii, dłoni i krwi, które, jeśli przyjrzeć się im z filologiczną dokładnością, są wzajemnie powiązane: sytuują się wyraźnie na przeciwległych brzegach procesu twórczego Mówią o wznoszeniu gmachu złożonego z wyobrażeń o sile i słabości swej, upojeniu i zastyganiu w tym, co od wieków poeci klasycy próbowali zgłębić: harmonię i jasność, wiedzeni nadzieją, że w życiu ponad wszystko trzymać się należy piękna A ponadto w dyscyplinie nie poprzestawać, ćwiczyć oko i poszerzać pole widzenia, od porywów serca nie stronić; serce bowiem rośnie, potężnieje od wielkich idei, namiętności Pojemna się staje ta wizja pisania, jest splotem sprzeczności- tak ją widzi jedna z najważniejszych poetek dwudziestowiecznych, pisząca w jidysz, Anna Margolin Poezja Margolin jest wyraźnym zwrotem w stronę neoklasycyzmu, nawarstwianiem wątków, tez, aluzji, myśli przejętych od światopoglądowo jej bliskich artystów, wielkich indywidualności: Anny Achmatowej (od której przejęła imię), Osipa Mandelsztama, Rainera Marii Rilkego, Ezra Pounda.
EN
If we recall the most important words for the poetry, we should begin the story with the stones, lily, hands and blood, which, if you look at them with the philological accuracy, are interrelated: situate themselves clearly on opposite banks of the creative process. They talk about the construction of the building consisting of perceptions about their own strength and weakness, ecstasy and congealing in what for centuries the classics poets have tried to fathom: the harmony and clarity, driven by the hope that in life they should above all stick to be beauty. And in addition, they ought to go further than discipline, practice eye and expand the field of view, should not shun from the gusts of the heart, because the heart grows more powerful due to great ideas, passions. Spacious becomes the vision of writing, it is the weave of contradictions - this is how one of the most important twentieth-century poets, who wrote in Yiddish, Anna Margolin sees it. Margolin’s poetry is a clear return towards neoclassicism, building up topics, theses, allusions, ideas taken from ideologically close to her artists of great individuality, Anna Akhmatova (from whom she took her name), Osip Mandelstam, Rainer Maria Rilke, Ezra Pound.
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Między awangardą a tradycją — fortepian w repertuarze koncertów z cyklu „Śląska Trybuna Kompozytorów” w latach 1973–1977

80%
Stachura-Bogusławska A.
Aspekty Muzyki
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2018
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vol. 8
335-359
PL
Fortepian przez kilka wieków uznawany był za najbardziej uniwersalny instrument. W drugiej połowie XX wieku jego rola uległa transformacji. Z instrumentu melodyczno-wirtuozowskiego został zredukowany do pozycji jednego z wielu generatorów brzmień, a także poddawany różnorodnym eksperymentom. Nastąpił proces eksploatacji jego dynamicznych, artykulacyjnych i kolorystycznych możliwości. W twórczości XX-wiecznych kompozytorów związanych z Górnym Śląskiem muzyka fortepianowa stanowiła znaczący, choć nie pierwszoplanowy nurt. Na przestrzeni lat powstawało wiele zróżnicowanych stylistycznie dzieł, zarówno solowych, kameralnych, jak i z fortepianem w funkcji dopełniającej rozbudowaną tkankę orkiestrową. Szczególnie interesujące utwory powstawały w latach 60. i 70., a więc w czasie intensywnej asymilacji awangardowych prądów muzyki europejskiej. Wiele z tych utworów prezentowanych było na koncertach z cyklu „Śląska Trybuna Kompozytorów” — forum organizowanym w Katowicach od 1973 roku. W niniejszym artykule przedstawione zostały kompozycje: Mutanza per pianoforte (1968) Witolda Szalonka, Capriccio-Fantasia nr 2 na dwa fortepiany (1975) Jana Wincentego Hawela, Musica per Ensemble MW2 na flet, wiolonczelę i jeden lub dwa fortepiany (1970) Edwarda Bogusławskiego, Inspiracje na głos żeński, perkusję, fortepian i dwie taśmy magnetofonowe (1972) Ernesta Małka, Mała sonata na fortepian (1975) Bolesława Woytowicza oraz Tema con variazioni na fortepian (1965) Władysławy Markiewiczówny. Kompozycje te ukazują różnorodne postawy twórcze wobec możliwości fortepianu. Są to utwory reprezentujące nurt neoklasyczny, jak i dzieła wykorzystujące preparację instrumentu, efekty sonorystyczne, a także aleatoryczną koncepcję montażu oraz elementy grafiki muzycznej.
EN
For several centuries the piano was considered to be the most universal instrument. In the second half of the 20th century its role changed. The melodic and virtuosic instrument has been reduced to one of many sound generators and subjected to a variety of experiments. In this process its dynamic, articulating and coloring capabilities have been exploited. In the works of the twentieth century composers associated with Upper Silesia, piano music was significant but never a mainstream. Over the years, many stylistically varied works have been created, not only solo or chamber music, but also with piano complementing the extensive orchestral part. Particularly interesting pieces were composed in the 1960s and 1970s, during the intensive assimilation of the avant-garde trends of European music. Many of these works were presented during the concerts of the cycle “Silesian Composers’ Tribune” — organized in Katowice since 1973. This article presents works composed by Witold Szalonek (Mutanza per pianoforte — 1968), Jan Wincenty Hawel (Capriccio-Fantasia no 2 for two pianos — 1975), Edward Bogusławski (Musica per Ensemble MW2 for flute, cello and one or two pianos — 1970), Ernest Małek (Inspirations for female voice, drums, piano and two tapes — 1972), Bolesław Woytowicz (Little Sonata for piano — 1975) and Władysława Markiewiczówna (Tema con variazioni for piano — 1965), showing a variety of creative attitudes towards the piano. These pieces represent both neoclassical currents and works utilizing prepared instruments, sonoristic effects, as well as aleatory assembly concept and elements of graphic music scores.
5
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Dialogue in Sonata for Two Violins Op. 10 by Henryk Mikołaj Górecki from a Performer’s Perspective

80%
Dzialak-Savytska A.
Edukacja Muzyczna
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2020 (EN)
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issue 15
137-163
EN
The article aims at defining the specificity of dialogue in Sonata for two violins Op. 10 by Hen- ryk Mikołaj Górecki from the point of view of the performer. This piece, though created in the early period of the composer’s career, belongs to important examples of this genre in 20th century Euro- pean music. With regard to the declared aim, various versions of the dialogue in this sonata were examined. The issue of dialogue in the discussed piece is presented in the context of the individual composer’s style. In order to address the core matter, the analysis of all three movements of the sonata cycle was carried out in terms of different forms of dialogue between the two violins. Górecki’s Sonata represents very interesting types of dialogic communication, conveying various emotional contents: from rivalry to harmony, from expression – sometimes utterly harsh – to joint reflection, from grotesque to contemplation. This piece features a rich sound coloring, which the Master achieves through sonoristic effects and extensive use of dissonant consonances and dynamic contrasts. The piece shows also an excellent sense of the sound space in which the soloists perform. Spatial changes effects are achieved by means of, among other things, rapid shifts from the lowest registers to the highest ones. The „instrumental drama” is accompanied by colorful „dec- orations”, with a wide range of feelings typical of Górecki. The parts of two violins carry out a polyphonic narration. The voices of each „protagonist” receive a different reaction in their vis-à-vis, and in the last part they unite in an expressive, unrestrained dance movement. It is precisely this variety of musical material and the dialogues of the soloists in different categories of perspectives that provide this piece with an intensity of empathic experiences, evoked both in listeners and in performers.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie specyfiki dialogu w Sonacie na dwoje skrzypiec op. 10 Henryka Mikołaja Góreckiego z punktu widzenia wykonawcy. Dzieło to, choć powstało we wczesnym okresie twórczości kompozytora, należy do znaczących przykładów tego gatunku w muzyce europej- skiej XX wieku. W związku z deklarowanym celem zbadano różnorodne wersje dialogu występu- jące w niniejszej sonacie. Problem dialogu w omawianym utworze ujęty jest w kontekście stylu indywidualnego kompozytora. W celu rozwiązania głównej problematyki przeprowadzono analizę wszystkich trzech części cyklu sonatowego pod kątem różnych form dialogu pomiędzy dwojgiem skrzypiec. Sonata Góreckiego reprezentuje bardzo interesujące typy dialogicznej komunikacji, przekazując różne treści emocjonalne: od rywalizacji do harmonii, od ekspresji – niekiedy krańcowo ostro wy- powiedzianej – do wspólnej refleksji, od groteski do kontemplacji. Utwór ten cechuje bogata kolorystyka brzmieniowa, którą Mistrz osiąga poprzez efekty sonorystyczne oraz intensywne wykorzystanie współbrzmień dysonansowych i kontrastów dynamicznych. Dzieło to odznacza się także doskonałym wyczuciem przestrzeni dźwiękowej, w której poruszają się soliści. Efekty zmian przestrzennych dają m.in. raptowne przerzucenia z najniższych rejestrów do najwyższych. „Instrumentalnemu dramatowi” towarzyszą barwne „dekoracje”, z typową dla Góreckiego szeroko rozpiętą skalą uczuć. Partie dwóch skrzypiec prowadzą narrację polifoniczną. Wypowiedzi każdego „bohatera” otrzymują różną reakcję u swego vis-à-vis, w ostatniej zaś części łączą się w pełnym ekspresji niepohamowanym ruchu tanecznym. Właśnie taka różnorodność materiału muzycznego, dialogi solistów w różnych kategoriach ujęć, zapewniają temu dziełu intensywność empatycznych przeżyć, wywoływanych zarówno u słuchaczy, jak i u wykonawców.
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Muzyka baletowa Aleksandra Tansmana – prezentacja źródeł i perspektywy badawcze

80%
Kaczmarowski Ł.
Muzyka
|
2022
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vol. 67
|
issue 4
148-163
EN
After decades of absence from Polish musical culture, the music of Alexandre Tansman is now returning to the country’s concert halls. Orchestras, chamber ensembles and soloists are eagerly turning to his rich and varied output, which is also increasingly being explored in academic research and studies of various kinds. Despite this growing interest, there are still some areas of Tansman’s legacy that have not been adequately researched. They certainly include his ballet music. This brief report aims to systematise existing knowledge concerning Tansman’s ballets, list the key sources for their study, and outline research perspectives. There are numerous arguments to support the thesis that ballet was an important field of work for this composer. Among other things, he collaborated with eminent choreographers (Rudolf Laban, Kurt Jooss, Jean Börlin), and his ballets were staged at famous venues (Metropolitan Opera, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées). Some of them, such as Sextuor and La Grande Ville [The big city], gained immense popularity and were repeatedly performed in Europe and the United States. Apart from composing original ballet music, Tansman worked with choreographers to adapt his symphonic works for dance spectacles. His enduring friendship with Igor Stravinsky may also have been significant in the context of his ballet output. Preliminary archive research conducted thanks to the support of the composer’s daughters has turned up sources that may serve as the basis for further studies. Music autographs kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (both sketches and engraver’s manuscripts), as well as score editions, recordings and such historical records as letters, reviews and iconography may, despite some gaps, make a full-scale study of Alexandre Tansman’s ballet output possible in the future.
PL
Po dekadach nieobecności w polskiej kulturze muzycznej, twórczość Aleksandra Tansmana powraca na rodzime sale koncertowe. Do bogatego i różnorodnego dorobku kompozytora chętnie sięgają orkiestry, zespoły kameralne i soliści. Jego muzyka jest również coraz częściej tematem badań naukowych i różnego rodzaju opracowań. Pomimo rosnącego zainteresowania Tansmanem, wciąż jednak pozostają obszary, które nie zostały należycie zbadane. Do nich należy z pewnością jego twórczość baletowa. Celem niniejszego komunikatu jest próba uporządkowania dotychczasowej wiedzy na temat baletów Aleksandra Tansmana, wykazanie podstawowych źródeł do ich opracowania oraz zarysowanie perspektyw badawczych. Liczne argumenty pozwalają przypuszczać, że balet był ważnym obszarem działalności kompozytora. Należą do nich chociażby wybitne nazwiska choreografów, z którymi współpracował (Rudolf Laban, Kurt Jooss, Jean Börlin), czy sceny, na których były wystawiane jego dzieła (Metropolitan Opera w Nowym Jorku, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées w Paryżu). Niektóre, tak jak Sextuor czy La Grande Ville (The Big City), osiągnęły ogromną popularność i były wielokrotnie prezentowane na scenach Europy i Stanów Zjednoczonych. Oprócz komponowania baletów z muzyką oryginalną, Tansman w porozumieniu z choreografami adaptował również swoją muzykę symfoniczną do przedstawień tanecznych. Niebagatelne znaczenie w kontekście baletu mogła mieć także jego bliska, trwająca wiele lat przyjaźń z Igorem Strawińskim. Pierwsze kwerendy, przeprowadzone dzięki wsparciu córek kompozytora, wykazały źródła będące podstawą do dalszych badań. Przechowywane w Bibliothèque nationale de France autografy muzyczne, zarówno szkicowe jak i edycyjne, a także wydania partytur, nagrania oraz dokumenty historyczne, takie jak listy, recenzje czy materiał ikonograficzny, mimo pewnych braków, mogą w przyszłości posłużyć do przeprowadzenia pełnowymiarowego opracowania twórczości baletowej Aleksandra Tansmana.
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Проблема ідентифікації творчості Лесі Українки

80%
Siryk L.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2019
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vol. 67
|
issue 7: Słowianoznawstwo
155-168
PL
W artykule podjęto istniejący w literaturoznawstwie problem identyfikacji twórczości Łesi Ukrainki (1871-1913). W literaturoznawstwie ukraińskim pod wpływem teorii narodników historycznie została ukształtowana tradycja zaliczająca pisarkę do neoromantyzmu. Wbrew temu poglądowi w proponowanym badaniu wysunięto tezę o przynależności pisarki dо klasycystycznego typu twórczości, mianowicie do neoklasycyzmu jako jednego z kierunków modernizmu europejskiego. Swoje twierdzenia autor argumentuje na podstawie poglądów pisarki dotyczących samoidentyfikacji, а także materiałów historyczno-literackich і prac krytycznoliterackich neoklasyków ukraińskich pierwszej fali, którzy rozwinęli swoją działalność w latach 20. XX wieku. Wyniki badań świadczą o zdecydowanym zaprzeczeniu przez Łesię Ukrainkę opinii o niej, którą sformułował czołowy przedstawiciel narodnickiej koncepcji S. Jefremow. Pisarka uważała ją za tendencyjną i nieadekwatną. Pokazano, że w latach 1914-1930 neoklasycy kijowscy: М. Draj-Chmara, М. Zerow, P. Fyłypowycz, М. Rylski i Jurij Kłen argumentowali europeizm pisarki i realizację przez nią artystyczno-światopoglądowych zasad neoklasycyzmu, mianowicie: zwrócenie się do antyku, wykorzystanie і reinterpretacja „wiecznych obrazów” і istniejących fabuł tradycji śródziemnomorskiej, synteza wartości uniwersalnych i narodowych, indywidualny wybór і twórczy mimesis, synkretyzm kulturowy i stylowy, antropocentryzm, dystans do szarej codzienności, moralizatorstwo, aktywność obywatelska. Artykuł stanowi próbę zaakcentowania konieczności weryfikacji istniejących opinii oraz identyfikacji twórczości według kryterium estetycznego.
EN
The article raised the issue of identification of Lesya Ukrainka’s literary heritage (1871-1913). Ukrainian literary science being under the influence of Narodnik (populist) tradition historically treated her as a representative of neo-romanticism. Contrary to this point of view this study puts forward the thesis that the writer belongs to the classicism, namely to the neoclassicism as a form of European modernism. This statement is based on the expressed by the playwright point of view as to the self-identification, as well as historical and literary materials, and literary criticism works of Ukrainian neoclassics of the so called first wave, which have developed their activity in the 20-th years of the 20-th century. Results of the study indicate a emphatic denial by the poet of her characteristics as had been formulated by the leading representative of the Narodnik S. Yefremov. The writer considered it biased and inadequate. It was found out that the kiev neoclassic in the years 1914-1930 M. Dray-Khmara, M. Zerov, P. Fylypovych, M. Rylsky and Yurii Klen backed up the statement that Lesya Ukrainka belonged to Europian literary tradition which is supported by her implementation of artistic and philosophical neoclassicism devices such as appeal to antiquity, the use and reinterpretation of „eternal images” and „traveling stories”, mediterranean tradition, individual choice and creative mimesis, cultural and stylistic syncretism, synthesis of universal with national, anthropocentrism, distancing from the trivial, moralizing, social activity. The article is an attempt to emphasize the need to review existing opinions and of identification creativity according to the aesthetic criterion.
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Granice reformy więziennictwa

71%
Porowski M., Rzepliński A.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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1986
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issue XIII
141-172
EN
A reform consists in the intention to introduce changes into a given system of social institutions which would not be aimed at its radical and qualitative transformation but would resolve themselves into improvement or rationalization. The reformatory thought may be inspired by conservative, liberal or radical attitudes which determine the motives, limits and profoundness of the changes. In the present paper, a conception of a reform of the prison system has been presented which would assimilate its contents to the substance of punishment, i.e. retribution in its humanistic interpretation and the values that come to the foreground of the axiological system of our times. These values are included in the notion of the dignity of a human being which results from treating man as the aim in itself and a being endowed with free will. The authors have assumed in the present paper that when reforming the prison system, all of its elements can be manipulated with the following exceptions: deprivation of the isolated person of his right to decide about his place of abode, and his duty to stay in a place determined by the authority which executes the penalty. Therefore, the following things can be changed: the ideological grounds of the system, i.e. its aims, functions and the role it plays in the global system of interests; external organization of the system, i.e. its -management regulation of interactions between the isolated and the isolating communities, organization the staff; material equipment of the system, i.e. buildings and their architecture, the arrangements concerning security, economy nd production. The authors oppose the conception which has been called here the reason of humanized retribution to the two contemporary variants of the prison policy. Ideologists of the first of them (the variant oriented at a psycho-social corrective treatment) model prisons having in view the future law abiding functioning of the offender in the society. An individual is here but a ,.human material" which is to undergo transformation as a result of the application of adequate measures. Ideologists of the second variant (one oriented at education through work) emphasize the social needs not connected with the prisoner who is treated as a quantum of man power that can be used. Retribution is inherent in the prison policy irrespective of the intention of its promotors and executors. After all it is one of the elements of the execution of penalty. The moral value of retribution resulting from a just punishment was recognized in the philosophy and dogmatic assumptions of pastoral theology. Recognizing punishment to be the offender’s personal right, we at the same time recognize his dignity due to a rational person. Therefore, punishment based on retribution certifying to the subjectivity and dignity of an human being, is tantamount to the humane attitude. To render possible the realization of the reason of humanized retribution, definite conditions have to emerge. These are: consistently grounding the punishment on the responsibility for the commission of a given act: this excludes the use of the perpetrator’s way of life, state or personality, and opinions as the essential criteria for meeting out punishment, and leads to the imposition of prison sentences for the most serious crimes only; stopping both the building of new prisons an the artificial increase of the capacity of the existing ones; overcoming the barrier of functional connections between prisons and state enterprises which use the immates cheap and first of all easily disposable man power. The reform of the prison policy inspired by the reason of humanized retribution can be expressed in three fundamental postulates which are: (i) the principle of the rule of law and that of mutual respect for the legel status of the prison staff and of the inmates; (ii) the principle of respect for the prisoners dignity; (iii) and the principle of minimalization of isolation of the prison system and of increasing its integration with the outside social environment. The rule of law which is the content of the first principle is the order not only of an absolute observance of the law, but also of the consistence of its contents with the achievements of civilization and morals of the global , society. Thus, on the one hand, the importance of the law as an instrument to eliminate arbitrariness of decisions from the process of execution of penalty is emphasized here, and, on the other hand, the postulate acquires justification that the prisoners' rights - instead of resulting from discretional decisions - be the articulation of the socially accepted values and their realization in accordance with the spirit of times. Thus the prisoners rights become the content and at the same time the safeguard of an humane attitude towards him.  The recognition of the rule of law as the central principle of the prison policy is justified by the very reason of humanized retribution. According to this principle. the process of execution of the deprivation o [ liberty is treated as a sui generis legal relationship between the prison management and the prisoner. the safeguard o[ which is the principle of mutual respect for the both parties legal positions. The construction of a definite catalogue of these rights is the task of the legislation. In any case, the prisoner retains his rights to the extent appropriate of any citizen in barracks. The only thing the penal isolation eliminates is the personal participation in the outside social life. A specific prison right is the inmates' right to use the period of isolation in the way that would be most helpful for their evelopment, which means, among other things the opportunity to participate in treatment alternatives offerred to them, or the conditions for individual development. For the principle of mutual respect of legal statuses to be realized, the prisoner should be equipped with effective means of execution of his rights. This is dictated by two reasons. Firstly, the conception of the process of execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty as a legal relationship between the prisoner and the management naturally brings the normative factor. to the fore; secondly, prison-as an extremely dense social environment-releases tensions increased by the particural susceptibility to aggression on the part of both of its communities. The prison policy is a negation of the principle of respect for the prisoner’s human dignity in the present interpretation, its contents being adjusted to the Spartan attitude towards men in which an human being has an instrumental Value only. Therefore, he may be modeled after a freely chosen pattern by means of open repression, behavioural conditioning and other kinds of manipulation. On the other hand, the opposite Socratean model of influencing the individual is consistent with the authors assumptions. According to this model, the principal means of the so-called prisoners resocialization are discussed in the paper (work, education, access to culture, as well as punishment and award), in the effort to define them in such a way as never to disturb the ideological contents of the Socratean attitude towards the development of the individual. Prisons are social institutions for which everybody is responsible, though to a varying degree. This gives significance to the principle of minimum of isolation and integration of the prison with the outside social milieu. In this connection, a detailed discussion has been included in the present paper of the forms of isolation (internal, external), the effects of its accomplishment (material and social), and the effects of alienation of penal institutions ( totalitarization, prisonization, exlusion of social control, strict control of contacts with the outside social milieu). To sum up, the approach presented in the present paper is aimed at overcoming the stereotype that consist in a critical analysis of the separate  elements of the prison system without a comprehensive appraisal of its theoretical and practical values. This stereotype does nothing but consolidate the system the value of which has never been verified, and results in the prison policy becoming more and more eclectic.
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