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EN
Abkhazia is one of the post-Soviet, unrecognized de facto entities. Since gaining independence, Abkhazian internal politics has been determined by both balance and conflicts between the two main clans. The paper deals with the problem of Abkhazian political life in the light of clans’ activity. First, the author distinguishes three periods in the political history of contemporary Abkhazia. The further part of the paper goes on to describe its consecutive periods.
EN
Approaches of researchers from the West and the East were initially based on the transition towards democracy. These models proved unsatisfactory because it was not clear about defi ning democracy and its targeted form. The theoretical frameworks failed to describe the political reality of the post-Soviet states. With the turn of the millennium, approaches have emerged, called political regimes, with adjectives, whether democratic or authoritarian. These models were able to better describe the political reality of ambiguous political regimes, especially in the post-Soviet area, over the transition. The fundamental reassessment was brought by models of sultanism and neopatrimonialism. The text follows the development of the scientific debate on political regimes in the post-soviet area. By addressing the characteristics of democracy and configuration approaches, emphasis is placed on neopatrimonial concepts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie kryzysów legitymacji władzy w dwóch pozbawionych powszechnego uznania parapaństwach kaukaskich: Abchazji i Osetii Południowej. Problem został omówiony w ujęciu neopatrymonialnym, które pozwala na analizę dynamiki systemów politycznych poza kategoriami demokratyzacji i modernizacji. Artykuł składa się z kilku części: prezentuje główne cechy postradzieckich reżimów politycznych w ujęciu neopatrymonialnym, omawia kryzysy legitymacji władzy w Abchazji w latach 2004 i 2014 oraz w Osetii Południowej w roku 2011. We wnioskach stwierdzono, że procesy polityczne w obu parapaństwach mają głównie nieformalny charakter i przebiegają w warunkach rywalizacji klanowej; omówione kryzysy wpisują się w kategorię „kolorowych rewolucji”, które nawiedziły przestrzeń postradziecką w latach 2003-2005 oraz że Rosja pozostaje ważnym elementem polityki parapaństw, aczkolwiek nie w pełni kontroluje mechanizmy sprawowania władzy i jej przekazywania.
XX
The article approaches the problem of the legitimacy of power in two Caucasian de facto entities from the perspective of neopatrimonialism. This approach allows to analyze the dynamics of political systems avoiding misunderstandings of modernization and democratic breakthroughs. The article contains several parts: it describes main features of the post-Soviet political systems in a neopatrimonial perspective, crises of legitimacy in Abkhazia in 2004 and 2014 as well as in South Ossetia in 2011. In conclusions it was confirmed that political processes in both de facto states have mainly informal character and are determined by clans’ rivalry. Described crises can be considered as variations of so called ‘colour revolutions’ that happened in some post-Soviet countries in 2003-2005. Russia remains an important factor of politics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, but it is not able to fully control their political processes.
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