The article attempts to draw an outline of the mystic theology of the Nestorian monk John of Dalyatha (John Saba, „the Elder”), who lived at the border of what is now Turkey and Iraq at the turn of the 7th and the 8th centuries. His literary output consists of the letters and the homilies and belongs to the „golden age” of the East Syrian Christian literature. In line with the Nestorian Orthodoxy, John Saba denied the perception of the God’s nature, which was identified by him with the transcendent nature of Father. He accepted, however, a contemplation of God’s glory, understood as a radiance and a reflection of the invisible nature. John of Dalyatha was the only mystic who attempted to explain this distinction in the light of ideas of St. Paul (2Cor 3:18 and 4:6). The subject of the current analysis is the idea behind the expressions „remembrance of God” and „the world of changeability”. Unceasing looking at the God, and searching for Him deep into the heart is necessary for the development of mystical sensitivity. The psychological depth of John’s religious programme is striking. In the human soul, the heart is the place of a union with the God, as it was in „the Holy of Holies”. John conveys his spiritual experience, although he is fully conscious of imperfect means through which man can communicate the mysteries of God.
Tematem artykułu jest przestrzenna ewolucja religii Wielkiego Stepu i Azji Środkowej. Jako perspektywę historyczną analizy badawczej przyjęto Jedwabny Szlak i XIII-wieczne imperium mongolskie. Obszary wnętrza Azji, przez które przebiegał Jedwabny Szlak, cechowała różnorodność religijna oraz tolerancja. Wraz z rozpadem imperium mongolskiego tradycyjne religie zostały stopniowo zastąpione religiami uniwersalnymi, które powstały poza badanym obszarem: islamem, buddyzmem tybetańskim, prawosławiem. W państwach związanych z Wielkim Stepem i tradycją koczowniczą pojawiają się współcześnie ruchy odnowy starych religii, takich jak tengryzm i zaratusztrianizm. Nie mają one jednak większego znaczenia politycznego.
EN
The subject of this article is the spatial evolution of the religion in the Great Steppe and the Central Asia. The research is focused on history of the Silk Road and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. The interior of Asia was characterized by great religious diversity and tolerance. With the disintegration of the Mongol Empire, traditional religions have been gradually replaced by the universal ones that had emerged outside the studied area: Islam, Tibetan Buddhism and Orthodoxy. There has been a revival of some old religions like Tengrism and Zoroastrianism in states with some nomadic tradition around the former Silk Road, but they are not of much political significance.
This article presents the role of the bishops of Rome in the resolution of three doctrinal disputes (nestorianism, monophysitism, monothelitism) that hit the community of the Church between the 5th and the 7th centuries. Both the teaching of Nestorius and Eutyches were unequivocally condemned by the contemporary bishops of Rome, respectively Celestine and Leon the Great. Their teachings were confirmed by the general councils of Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451). Solving the problem of monothelitism has caused even more difficulties to the Holy See because of the attitude of Honorius I, who supported the erroneous teaching of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Sergei. Thus, the work discusses the actions of the subsequent bishops of Rome (especially John IV, Theodore, Martin I and Agathon) for restoring orthodoxy, which resulted in the adoption of resolutions condemning monothelitism by the Third Council of Constantinople (680-681). The article was primarily written on the basis of the preserved correspondence between heresiarchs and the bishops of Rome, the bishops of Rome and the emperors, as well as the resolutions of synods and councils.
Il mistero dell’incarnazione presentato nei sermoni di Pietro Crisologo, vescovo di Ravenna (380-450), occupa un posto importante, intorno al quale si svolge la riflessione teologica del Dottore della Chiesa. Tale mistero mette in rilievo il Verbo di Dio, generato dal Padre, consostanziale a Lui, che per la nostra salvezza assume la nostra natura umana nel grembo verginale di Maria.
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