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1

Morálka jako věda?

100%

Jirsa J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2013

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vol. 61

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issue 4

581-590

EN

Sam Harris in his book The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (2010) argues that the question of moral values is none other than the question of the happiness of conscious beings. In his account Harris sets himself three tasks: to establish ethics as a fully rational and purely scientific discipline, to reinforce and defend naturalism, and to rest the meaning of human life on a non-religious grounding. Harris’ book has met with a negative reaction in journal reviews, but not all the criticisms are justified and the real problem with Harris’ approach, in my view, is different to what his critics suppose. There are at least three reasons why we should reject Harris’ conception of morality as a science. The first is his confused conception of science which brings with it the absence of any scientific (on Harris’ understanding) ethical problems and of their solution. The second reason is an incoherent approach in his account of the origin of values. And finally, the last reason for rejecting Harris’ vision is the form of life which he offers us as the result of accepting ethics founded on science.

2

Method and Metaphysics in the Philosophy of Art

86%

Gardner S.

Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics

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2014

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vol. 51

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issue 2

230-254

EN

This article is concerned with the question of the proper place of substantial general metaphysics in aesthetics and the philosophy of art. For reasons articulated in writings from the 1950s, analytic aesthetics denies that there is any relation of dependence and regards the intrusion of metaphysics into reflection on art as not merely superfluous but also methodologically inappropriate. Against this I argue (1) that analytic aesthetics in its circumscription of the bounds of the discipline is not metaphysically neutral, (2) that it is vulnerable to the challenge of scientific naturalism, and (3) that a case for the necessity of metaphysics in aesthetics and the philosophy of art can be made on the grounds of the constitutive opacity of art and the aesthetic from the standpoint of ordinary consciousness. The analytic reception of Kant’s aesthetic theory, I argue, supports this conclusion.

3

Wolność i uwarunkowania woli – między filozofią a neuronaukami

58%

Bremer J.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2014

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issue 3(29)

96-106

PL

Wychodząc od pojęcia „działania dobrowolnego”, przedstawiam przebieg eksperymentów Benjamina Libeta dotyczących zależności czasowych pomiędzy: świadomym, dobrowolnym podjęciem decyzji i zrealizowaniem jej a pomiarem pojawiającego się w mózgu potencjału gotowości. Następnie omawiam i krytycznie analizuję dwie grupy neuronaukowych interpretacji tychże eksperymentów, które są zarazem próbą naukowej odpowiedzi na pytanie o status wolnej woli. Zgodnie z tymi interpretacjami wolna wola jest rozumiana albo (1) jako własność emergencyjna, mogąca oddziaływać na swoje neuronalne podłoże (Benjamin Libet, Roger Sperry), albo (2) jako wielkość epifenomenalna, fikcyjna w stosunku do przyczynowo zdeterminowanych procesów neuronalnych (Gerhard Roth, Wolf Singer). Staram się pokazać, że na podstawie wyników uzyskanych we współczesnych neuronaukach nie udaje się jednoznacznie stwierdzić, iż potocznie rozumiana wolna wola jest jedynie fikcją. Uwzględniając zwyczajowe ujmowanie o wolnej woli, można ją rozumieć jako własność emergencyjną.

EN

Beginning with the notion of “volitional act”, the Author describes Benjamin Libet’s experiment concerning time relations between taking a conscious, volitional decision and acting on it, and the measurement of readiness potential in the brain. Next, the Author discusses and analyzes two groups of neuroscientific interpretations of the experiment in order to arrive at a scientific explanation of the nature of free will. According to these interpretations, free will is defined either as (1) an emergent quality that influences its neuronal basis (Benjamin Libet, Roger Sperry), or (2) an epiphenomenal entity, fictional, unlike causally determined neuronal processes (Gerhard Roth, Wolf Singer). The Author attempts to demonstrate that, based on research in contemporary neuroscience, it is impossible to definitively state that what is commonly referred to as free will is fiction. If we assume the traditional definition of free will, it can be understood as an emergent quality.

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1 Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics

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1 Gardner S.

1 Jirsa J.

Morálka jako věda?

Method and Metaphysics in the Philosophy of Art

Wolność i uwarunkowania woli – między filozofią a neuronaukami