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Land Reform after 1945. The Inception of the unsuccessful collectivization in the German Democratic Republic

100%
Soběhart R.
Littera Scripta
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2017
|
vol. 1
154-165
EN
The study focuses on the issue of the land reform in the Eastern part of Germany, which was occupied by the Soviet army after 1945. The land reform was a key part of future collectivization in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Many causes of the future failure of the collectivization can be found in the events after 1945. After 1045, the areas of East Germany became an area with a number of test runs of the socialist economic experiment. Agriculture was one of the main areas in which the KPD interest group tried to enforce its ideas about collective ownership and thereby gain a dominant position by creating a type of “inclusive” society that excluded big landowners who were the targets of the first stage of the “socialist revolution” in rural areas – the land reform.
2
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Local Impact Assessment in the Czech Republic – the Theoretical Framework of Analysis

84%
Soběhart R., Rod A., Jílková J.
Littera Scripta
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2017
|
vol. 2
130-139
EN
The text presents the theoretical framework of Local Impact Assessment presenting it as a new and effective tool of decision-making on the level of local administration. Although controlling elements of Regulatory Impact Assessment were already implemented on the state administration level in 2008, such implementation on the level of local administrations is not being conducted homogenously and often by taking the subjectively selected qualitative as well as legal inefficiencies into consideration. Decentralizing public administration has been a modern trend in economy of public sectors; Local Impact Assessment can be a key tool for effective blending of the public and private sectors.
3
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Zdaniem polonistów – reforma w szkole podstawowej w świetle badań własnych

84%
Karkut D.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Litterarum Polonarum et Linguae Polonae Pertinentia
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2019
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vol. 10
|
issue 285
89-99
PL
University of Rzeszów. Empirical research was carried out at the beginning of the 2018/2019 school year, ie one year after the implementation of the assumptions of the primary school education reform. They covered about 50 Polish language teachers in primary schools in the Podkarpacie region. The basis for the consideration were interviews conducted with Polish language teachers during the subject-methodological practice in the Polish language and observations of lessons, as well as questionnaires. Teachers evaluating the reform in primary school had the opportunity to express their opinions on possible difficulties in implementing Zdaniem polonistów – reforma w szkole podstawowej w świetle badań własnych [99] the content of the Core curriculum, e.g in the area of planning and organization of wo
4
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Nuclear Weapons as an Instrument for Achieving International Dominance by the Russian Federation

67%
Banasik M.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
|
2022
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vol. 76
207-223
PL
Celem badań, których rezultaty przedstawiono w niniejszym artykule, było wyjaśnienie zasad stosowania broni nuklearnej oraz mechanizmów odstraszających w celu osiągania przez Federację Rosyjską dominacji w środowisku bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Do rozwiązywania problemów badawczych zastosowano podejście systemowe oraz metody: analizę i krytykę literatury, obserwację nieuczestniczącą oraz elementy studium przypadku. W procesie badawczym ustalono, że Federacja Rosyjska będzie prowadziła kampanie podważania obowiązującego porządku bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego przy użyciu środków militarnych, w tym broni nuklearnej. Komponent nuklearny jest nieodłącznym elementem polityki Federacji Rosyjskiej kształtującym międzynarodowe środowisko bezpieczeństwa i jednocześnie stanowi kluczowy czynnik w holistycznej koncepcji przymusu. Odstraszanie strategiczne jest mechanizmem osiągania dominacji międzynarodowej w czasie pokoju, sytuacji kryzysowych i wojny. Jego celem jest doprowadzenie do ustępstw i wymuszanie zachowania zgodnego z interesami strategicznymi Federacji Rosyjskiej. Broń nuklearna stanowi ostateczną gwarancję strategicznej dominacji Federacji Rosyjskiej w świecie. Z drugiej strony stale obniżany próg jej użycia prowadzi do degradacji środowiska bezpieczeństwa i naruszenia jego stabilności.
EN
This article presents the results of research which set out to clarify the principles of the use of nuclear weapons and deterrence mechanisms in order to achieve dominance by the Russian Federation in the international security environment. Analysis and criticism of the literature, nonparticipatory observation and elements of case study were used to solve the research problems. The research process established that the Russian Federation will conduct campaigns to undermine the existing international security order using military means, including nuclear weapons. The nuclear component is an inherent element of the Russian Federation’s policy shaping the international security environment and at the same time is a key factor in the holistic concept of coercion. Strategic deterrence is a mechanism for achieving international dominance in peacetime, crisis situations, and war. Its purpose is to bring about concessions and coerce behavior consistent with the strategic interests of the Russian Federation. Nuclear weapons are the ultimate guarantee of the Russian Federation’s strategic dominance in the world. On the other hand, the constantly lowered threshold of its use leads to the degradation of the security environment and the violation of its stability.
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