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Ontic or epistemic conception of explanation: A misleading distinction?

100%
Oleksowicz M.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
|
2023
|
issue 74
259-291
EN
In this paper, I discuss the differences between ontic and epistemic conceptions of scientific explanation, mainly in relation to the so-called new mechanical philosophy. I emphasize that the debate on conceptions of scientific explanation owes much to Salmon’s ontic/epistemic distinction, although much has changed since his formulations. I focus on the interplay between ontic and epistemic norms and constraints in providing mechanistic explanations. My conceptual analysis serves two aims. Firstly, I formulate some suggestions for recognising that both sets of norms and constraints, ontic and epistemic, are necessary for scientific theorising. Secondly, I emphasize that there are multiple dimensions involved in scientific explanation, rather than clear-cut alternatives between ontic and epistemic aspects. I conclude with a general observation that although contextual aspects of explanations are unavoidable, the epistemic-relativity of our categories, explanations and models can in fact be compatible with their objectivity. Instead of making hastily drawn ontological implications from our theories or models, we should carefully scrutinize them from the ontic-epistemic perspective.
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Pojetí mechanismu v současné teorii vědy

84%
Veselý A.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2016
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vol. 38
|
issue 2
159-175
EN
The article provides systematic critical review of the notion of mechanism in the new mechanical philosophy (NMP). First, the origins and main principles of NMP are described. It is shown that NMP has originated mainly as a result of critique of logical empiricism. Then the main defining features of mechanism (responsibility for phenomenon, entities and activities, and their organizations) are specified and described in-depth. The article concludes with strong and weak points of NMP. It is argued that NMP provides a new and more realistic perspective on how science is actually realized, and how discoveries happen. It also has constructive normative appeal as it encourages scientists to look for mechanisms that can actually explain some phenomena. At the same time, however, in explaining complex phenomena the heuristics of decomposition and localization must be accompanied by other, more dynamic approaches.
CS
Článek podává systematický kritický přehled o pojetí mechanismu v tzv. nové mechanistické filosofii (NMF). Nejdříve je popsán vznik a hlavní principy NMF. Je ukázáno, že NMF vznikla do značné míry jako kritická reakce na, do té doby převažující, logický empirismus. Dále jsou představeny hlavní definiční znaky mechanismu (odpovědnost za daný jev, entity a aktivity a uspořádání), které jsou po té jednotlivě rozebrány. Na závěr jsou diskutovány přednosti a omezení NMF. Je argumentováno, že NMF nabídla novou a realističtější perspektivu na způsob, jakým se věda dělá a jak se dochází k vědeckým objevům. Má i konstruktivní preskriptivní charakter, neboť povzbuzuje vědce k přemýšlení o vysvětlení jevů prostřednictvím mechanismů. Na straně druhé, pro vysvětlení komplexních jevů jsou heuristiky dekompozice a lokalizace, které tvoří jádro „tradičního" mechanistického přístupu, pouze prvotními aproximacemi a je potřeba je doplňovat dalšími, dynamičtějšími přístupy.
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