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1

„Postheroická“ společnost a „Nové války“

100%

Loewenstein B.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2016

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vol. 114

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issue 4

1021-1026

EN

This paper is a consideration of German political scientist and historian Herfried Münckler’s book, ‘Kriegssplitter. Die Evolution der Gewalt im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert’ (Berlin 2016). It discusses whether – despite a certain fragmentation of the concept – this could represent a new theoretical guidebook on war for politicians, historians and perhaps even soldiers. We can argue that particular passages in the book looked at can only be understood from their historic context, but analyses are also markedly important as a political guide in the present day

2

Bringing the transnational into ‘new wars’: the case of islamic state

86%

Layton P.

International Review of Social Research

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2015

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vol. 5

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issue 3

191-201

EN

In her seminal 1998 work on ‘new wars’ Mary Kaldor developed a heuristic framework usefully for understanding the characteristics of armed non-state groups involved in contemporary conflicts. This framework was derived from analysing the 1992-1995 Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict. Some two decades after this however, adjustments may now be necessary. A focussed examination of the strategy used during 2014 by Islamic State Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) reveals Kaldor’s framework may now need to include a more explicit focus on the transnational. Since the mid-1990s, the transnational has been made more accessible by advances in social media in particular, and by globalization more generally. ISIS’s use of the transnational indicates this may be an area that astute non-state actors can advantageously exploit - perhaps better than states - although there are some difficulties involved. ISIS’s success suggests that the transnational may in time have greater influence on the politics of international society.

3

O spravodlivosti vojny na začiatku 21. storočia : Rastúca morálna protirečivosť vojen v globálnom veku a jej súvislosti a dôsledky

86%

Škvrnda F.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2016

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vol. 64

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issue 5

761-772

EN

A review study based on the content of the works of J. Velek, Kapitoly z teorie spravedlivé války (Chapters in the Theory of Just War) and B. Sutor, Od spravedlivé války ke spravedlivému míru? Etapy a šance procesu dějinného poučení (From Just War to Just Peace? Stages and Opportunities in the Process of Historical Teaching). The article focuses on the growing moral contradictoriness of wars in the global age which demands one deal with the classical politico-philosophical problem in the contemporary setting as well. A contradiction is pointed out which calls for the emergence of a social theory of new wars and of a new understanding of safety as well as of loose, metaphorical to the point of suggestive, employments of the concept of war. Further discussions on this theme are also linked with the changes in the forms of war, their agents as well as their causes and consequences, especially their worsening impact on social life and development. In the conditions of an emerging multi-polar order of international relations, the question of awareness of non-Western viewpoints in this area also comes to the fore. The critical spirit of both works under review contributes to the discussion of changes in the justice of war at the beginning of the twenty-first century in the context of the creation and functioning of global society.

4

Oblicza wojen w XXI wieku

72%

Nowaczyk O.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Studia Sociologica

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2011

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issue 21

67-83

PL

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na główne współczesne koncepcje wojen. W świecie refleksji nad wojną można zaobserwować zjawisko militarnego spamu (Martin van Creveld 2000). Zainteresowanie wojną jest tak duże, że trudno zapamiętać nazwiska wszystkich autorów. Stąd też bogactwo koncepcji często wątpliwej wartości. Część z nich ma jednak głębsze podstawy. Zasługują one na uwagę jako element współczesnej refleksji nad wojną. Każda z nich zawiera trafne obserwacje, nadające się świetnie do opisania mechanizmów wojen. Mają jednak wspólną wadę, która uniemożliwia pełną ich akceptację. Propozycje te są stawiane jako wzorcowe koncepcje wojen XXI wieku. Każda nakazuje nam przyjąć, iż tradycyjne sposoby myślenia o wojnie są anachroniczne i nie przystają do współczesnej rzeczywistości. Trudno jednak przystać w tym wypadku na całkowite zerwanie z doświadczeniami przeszłości. Nie można bowiem mówić o jakimś uniwersalnym sposobie prowadzenia wojny w XXI wieku oraz o nowej naturze wojny. Porzucanie doświadczeń i refleksji historycznych nad wojnami to pochopne działania. Każda wojna jest bowiem inna, zrodzona w wyjątkowych warunkach i trudno tworzyć ad hoc jakieś uniwersalne wzorce pozwalające wyjaśnić jej aktualną naturę. Nowe czasy wymagają nieraz nowych pojęć, ale warto najpierw zbadać, czy nie powielamy pomysłów z przeszłości. Analizując współczesne koncepcje wojen, można dojść do wniosku, że nowe wojny, wojny asymetryczne itp. to nie fenomeny ponowoczesnego, globalnego świat, tylko odmiany starych wojen dostosowanych do współczesnych warunków.

EN

This article is aimed at highlighting the main concepts of modern wars. In the world of reflection on war the phenomenon of military spam can be observed. Interest in war is so large that it is hard to remember the names of all authors. Hence, the multiplicity of concepts is often of a dubious value. Some of them, however, have more solid bases, and they deserve attention as an element of contemporary reflection on war. Each of them includes accurate observations, which will fit perfectly to describe the mechanisms of war. However, they all have a common defect that prevents their full acceptance. These proposals are posted as model concepts of wars of the 21st century. Each requires us to accept that traditional ways of thinking about war are anachronistic and do not correspond to contemporary reality. However, in this case it is difficult to accept a complete break off with past experiences. It is impossible to speak of a universal way of waging war in the 21st century and a new nature of war. Abandonment of historical experience and reflections on war is a hasty action. Every war is different, arising from unique conditions and it is difficult to develop ad hoc patterns that would account for explaining its current nature. New times require new ideas and concepts sometimes, but it is worth examining first whether or not ideas from the past are copied. Analyzing the contemporary concepts of war it can be concluded that new wars, asymmetric wars, etc. are not phenomena characteristic for the postmodern, global world, but only a variety of old wars adapted to modern conditions.

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1 Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

1 International Review of Social Research

1 Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Studia Sociologica

1 Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

1 Layton P.

1 Loewenstein B.

1 Nowaczyk O.

1 Škvrnda F.

2 2016

1 2015

1 2011

„Postheroická“ společnost a „Nové války“

Bringing the transnational into ‘new wars’: the case of islamic state

O spravodlivosti vojny na začiatku 21. storočia : Rastúca morálna protirečivosť vojen v globálnom veku a jej súvislosti a dôsledky

Oblicza wojen w XXI wieku