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EN
The article presents the rights concerning real estates, which are considered in noncontentious proceedings by the court. The author defines non-contentious proceedings, which are a kind of civil proceedings. The scope of non-contentious proceedings involves cases concerning different rights on real estate, for instance: ownership, co-ownership, servitude right of necessity of passage, establishing the necessity of passage, making an entry in the land and mort gage register and in the National Court Register. Besides, there is – in this article – a comparison between non-contentious and contentious proceedings and administrative proceedings. The article describes also the principle of effective judicial protection in non-contentious proceedings. The author proposes amendments in the regulation and in the practice of their application, which are connected with granting more powers to court clerks (referendarz sądowy) and assistants to judges.
EN
On the grounds of post-war legislation, guardianship affected people who were not capable of independent management of their own affairs, and care for their own well-being. This first of all concerned persons with psychological conditions, mental deficiency, and ones whose psychological disorders were related to alcohol abuse, and wasteful mismanagement. The practice of guardianship was aimed at helping the people unable to manage their conduct and/or their affairs independently. Protection of personal and property interest of these people sometimes required that their capacity to legal transactions had to be limited, or else that they were entirely bereft of it. Guardianship was applied when, due to the state of their health, a person was not capable of making conscious decisions. The legislator envisaged two types of guardianship: partial, which meant that a person subjected to it concluded legal actions on his of their own, while to have them valid, a consent of the guardian was necessary. On the other hand, such a person could make decisions concerning minor life affairs on his or her own. In turn, the plenary guardianship bereft one of the possibility of performing legal transactions, and had them represented in all legal matters by the legal guardian appointed by the court.
PL
Na gruncie powojennych przepisów ubezwłasnowolnienie dotyczyło osób, które nie potrafiły samodzielnie zatroszczyć się o swoje sprawy i dbać o własne dobro. Przede wszystkim dotyczyło osób z chorobą psychiczną, niedorozwojem umysłowym oraz tych, u których zaburzenia psychiczne związane były z nadużywaniem alkoholu lub marnotrawstwem. Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia miała na celu pomoc osobom, które nie były w stanie samodzielnie kierować swoim postępowaniem bądź samodzielnie prowadzić swoich spraw. Ochrona interesów osobistych i majątkowych tych właśnie osób wymagała niekiedy, by ich zdolność do czynności prawnych została ograniczona bądź też, by zostali oni jej całkowicie pozbawieni. Ubezwłasnowolnienie stosowało się wówczas, gdy osoba ze względu na stan zdrowia nie była w stanie podejmować decyzji w sposób świadomy. Ustawodawca przewidział dwa rodzaje ubezwłasnowolnienia: czę ś ciowe, które polegało na tym, że osoba ubezwłasnowolniona sama dokonywała czynności prawnych, natomiast do ich ważności potrzebowała zgody opiekuna. Natomiast decyzje dotyczące drobnych spraw życia codziennego mogła ona podejmować samodzielnie. Natomiast całkowite ubezwłasnowolnienie osoby pozbawiało ją możliwości dokonywania czynności prawnych, a we wszystkich sprawach reprezentował ją prawny opiekun, wyznaczony przez sąd.
PL
The article presents the problems of the arrangement of the part of general non-contentious proceedings (art. 506–525 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1964 ‒ abbreviation: „c.c.p.”). The scope of this issue includes three issues: the structure (internal division) of this part; the nature of the provisions of this part and their order. Previously, in the Code of Non-Contentious Procedure of 1945, the general part of this procedure had an internal division and contained only general provisions. De lege lata, in the Code of Civil Procedure of 1964, the general part of this procedure has no internal division and also contains provisions that are not general norms. These provisions should be transferred to the part of detailed non-contentious proceedings (art. 526 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure).
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