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1
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Homoseksualizm jako przyczyna nieważności małżeństwa według orzecznictwa roty rzymskiej i trybunałów kościelnych

100%
Gołębiowska A.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2012
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vol. 32
31-47
EN
Issues concerning homosexuality is well known both in the documents of the Catholic Church, as well as in the case law of the Roman Rota and the judgments of the ecclesiastical tribunals. Currently, homosexuality is a serious social problem, psychological and legal. The issue of homosexuality more often appears in ecclesiastical tribunals, as a cause of inability of people to take the essential obligations of marriage. Homosexuality causes inability to distinguish carefully the particular subject of matrimonial consent and conduct a critical assessment of the person affected by these disorders, which is unable to transfer the rights and assume the obligations of marriage.
2
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Rozmowa psychologiczna i testy psychologiczne jako metody tworzenia opinii biegłego sądowego w sprawach o nieważność małżeństwa

100%
Gołębiowska A.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2012
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vol. 31
49-68
EN
In the ecclesiastical courts, classical methods, such as psychological conversation and assessment, are used as they are considered the most valuable psychological means. The testing methods and questionnaires are of great importance to the legal expert as well. However, they do not always constitute a crucial addendum like in other psychological researches. The investigational techniques mentioned above are merely to help the legal expert to resolve his doubts. The fact that those methods are implemented does not raise the value of the final motion, even though it is important that the techniques used by the expert touch upon not only the present mental state of the person being tested but also the past.
3
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Procedural Flaws of Shareholders’ Resolutions – a Comparative Approach

88%
Uliasz R.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2022
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vol. 51
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issue 4
95-106
EN
The paper discusses legal consequences of violations of law which may occur in the course of passing resolutions by shareholders or when convening the meeting. Such violations take the form of procedural infringements, as opposed to material defects which concern the subject matter of the resolution. Several jurisdictions were taken into account in order to demonstrate that illegality of the procedure does not need to imply nullity of resolutions. There are various instruments which, despite illegality, are intended to preserve the resolution. This is all about the balance of preferences: in company law there are definitely situations where legality should be less valued than stability and certainty.
4
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General Rules on Invalidity of Contracts in Serbia

88%
Dudás A.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2022
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vol. 49
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issue 2
51-70
EN
The effective Serbian Law on Obligations in the most part retained the general rules on invalidity of contracts from the former federal Law on Obligations from 1978. The Law explicitly differentiates two categories of invalid contracts: null and void contracts, on the one hand, and voidable contracts, on the other. Whereas the general legal consequences of both categories are principally the same, restitutio in integrum, null and void contracts have some other, more stringent legal consequences as well. The most important is the ban of restitution of performance of the party who acted in bad faith, which in cases when the contract grossly violates good morals may be supplemented by the forfeiture of the object of performance. The effective Serbian Law on Obligations, namely, still contains the rule retained from the former federal Law from 1978, according to which the court may order the party who acted in bad faith to transfer the object of his/her performance to the municipality of his/her residence or domicile. Voidable are considered contracts with flawed contractual intention, such as contracts concluded in mistake, deceit or under threat. In addition, voidable are contracts of minors older than 14 years concluded without the consent of their natural or legal guardian, or contracts of adults whose capacity is not completely excluded, but only partially reduced, concluded outside their capacity or without the consent of their legal guardian. Furthermore, since leasio is considered a case of mistake making the contractual intention flawed, the remedy is also the voidability of the contract. Under Serbian law, a contract is null and void, if it infringes public order, imperative rules or good morals, unless something else is prescribed by the law or the purpose of the infringed rule implies a different remedy. The illegality and immorality of a contract is scrutinised through its object (content) and cause. Aside these general rules, the Law on Obligations specifically qualifies usurious contracts as null. Yet, there are several means of „saving” a contract from the consequences of invalidity, primarily by performance, convalidation and partial invalidity.   Non-existent contracts are clearly distinguished in the doctrine, but it is questionable whether the Law on Obligations envisages separate legal regime applicable to this category, distinct from the one applicable to null and void contracts. The law, namely, uses wording or implies in certain cases as if the contract had not been concluded at all. However, in the rules pertaining to legal consequences of invalidity refers only to null and void, and avoidable contracts. The doctrinal standpoints differ whether a separate legal regime applicable only to non-existent contracts could be implied from the general rules, regardless that no specific set of rules exists.
5

Nullity and Other Defects of Administrative Decisions in the Czech Republic

75%
Frumarová K.
Baltic Journal of European Studies
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2015
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vol. 5
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issue 2
70-89
EN
This article deals with the issue of administrative decision, which represents one of the principal forms of the realization of public administration in the Czech Republic. Even if the Czech legislation provides for its issuance a number of requirements in relation to its content and form, in practice, however, there are violations of these legal conditions and requirements and then we talk about a defective administrative decision. According to how to remedy the defective administrative acts, distinction is made between formally defective administrative decisions, factually inaccurate decisions, unlawful decisions, and next to them, separately null administrative decisions. The main attention is paid to the nullity, because only the nullity represents the most serious and also irremovable defect of an administrative decision. As the null decision does not exist from the perspective of law, it is not able to affect the rights and duties of its recipients. The null acts, as the only category of defective administrative acts, constitute an exception to the principle of the presumption of validity and correctness of administrative acts.
6
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Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Polish Courts: The Story of an (Almost) Lost Hope for Development

75%
Jurkowska-Gomułka A.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2013
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vol. 6(8)
107-128
EN
The article reviews judgments of Polish courts on private enforcement of competition law between 1993 and 2012. A quantitative analysis of this jurisprudence shows that very few cases of that type exist at all. Their qualitative characteristics illustrate that: none of them referred to consumers; none of the claims was a 'pure' damage claim; all of these cases focused on partial or general nullity of contracts concluded as a result of an anticompetitive practice; almost all of them concerned an abuse of a dominant position; only one referred to competition-restricting agreements. The relevant jurisprudence largely focused on the binding force of a prior decision of the Polish competition body upon civil courts. Even if the fact that some cases of this type were at all record might suggest that there is a potential for developing private enforcement of antitrust in Poland, nothing like this actually happened. Unfortunately, the Act on Collective Redress (in force since July 2010) has not contributed to a growth in the number of consumers (or any other entities) engaging in court disputes with undertakings restricting competition.
FR
L’article passe en revue les jugements des tribunaux polonais sur l’application privée du droit de la concurrence entre 1993 et 2012. Une analyse quantitative de cette jurisprudence montre que très peu de cas de ce type existent. Leurs caractéristiques qualitatives montrent que : aucun d’entre eux ne concernait les consommateurs ; aucune des revendications ne constituait une demande d’indemnisation dans le sense exacte ; tous ces cas axaient sur la nullité partielle ou générale des contrats conclus à la suite d‘une pratique anticoncurrentielle ; la quasi-totalité d’entre eux concernaient un abus de position dominante ; une seule visait aux accords restreignant la concurrence. La jurisprudence se concentrait surtout sur la force contraignante d’une décision préalable de l’organe polonais de la concurrence prise par des tribunaux civils. Même si le fait que certains cas de ce type-là étaient notés, il pourrait suggérer qu’il existe un potentiel de développement de l’application privée de la concurrence en Pologne – rien que cela ne s’est réellement passé. Malheureusement, la Loi sur les recours collectif (en vigueur depuis juillet 2010) n’a pas contribué à une augmentation du nombre de consommateurs (ou d’autres entités) s’engageant dans des litiges judiciaires avec les entreprises qui restreignent la concurrence.
7
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Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Slovenia: A New Field to Be Developed by Slovenian Courts

75%
Brkan M., Bratina T.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2013
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vol. 6(8)
75-106
EN
This contribution aims to demonstrate the legal framework that can shape and influence private enforcement in Slovenia. This includes, in particular, conditions for damage claims, collective redress mechanisms, legal costs and fees as well as discovery and burden of proof. It is shown which legislative changes may be needed in order to improve the effectiveness of private enforcement and the practical obstacles that will have to be overcome in the future. Furthermore, the article analyses the jurisprudence of Slovenian courts concerning private enforcement. Although there was practically no jurisprudence in this area only a few years ago, Slovenian courts have now ruled on a few such cases already. The number of private enforcement proceedings will most likely increase in the future. Therefore, it can be stated that private enforcement of competition law is an area that is slowly, but steadily, gaining importance in the Slovenian legal system.
FR
La présente contribution vise à démontrer le cadre juridique susceptible de former et d’influencer la mise en œuvre des règles de concurrence de l'UE à l'initiative de la sphère privée (« private enforcement ») en Slovénie. Les conditions pour des recours en dommages et intérêts, des mécanismes des recours collectifs, des règles sur des dépens ainsi que la divulgation des preuves et la charge de la preuve y sont analysés. La contribution démontre quelles modifications législatives seraient nécessaires et quelles obstacles pratiques devront être surmontés à l’avenir afin d’améliorer l’effectivité de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence. La jurisprudence des juridictions Slovènes dans ce domaine y est également analysée. Même si cette jurisprudence a été pratiquement inexistante il y a quelques années, les juridictions Slovènes ont, jusqu’à présent, rendu déjà quelques arrêts dans ce domaine et il est à attendre que le nombre de ce type d’affaires accroîtra dans le futur. Ainsi, il est possible de constater que l’importance de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence augmentera lentement mais sûrement dans l’ordre juridique slovène.
8
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Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu w kontekście prowadzenia procesu o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa

63%
Korporowicz M.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2019
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vol. 28
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issue 3
105-113
EN
Autism Spectrum Disorder is one of the most common diagnosis among children and teenagers. It is also increasing. The number of adults with such a diagnosis is rising. Some of them stay at home and they are completely dependent on their relatives, the others live normally and try to integrate into the society. It is not easy considering the difficulties related to autism they meet. In this article we present diagnostic criteria, how people with ASD function and how autism affects their ability to establish close relationships, including marriage according to can. 1095CIC/83. Their lifestyle depends on many different factors and may be varied. There are no identical situations and no identical solutions. Each case has to be considered individually. The aim of the article is to present for both lawyers and experts how ASD affects the ability to establish close relationships and to increase their awareness when they conduct marriage annulment cases.
9

Reducing upholding effectiveness in the light of the draft of Book One of the Civil Code

63%
Skorupa P.
Studia Prawnicze
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2010
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issue 3-4(185-186)
93-146
EN
The article discusses the concept of the so-called “reducing upholding enforcement” (validity) of juridical acts in the light of the draft of Book One of the new Polish civil code (published in 2008). In the article an analysis has been carried out of the most important theoretical and practical backgrounds. The main concern is about the scope of the judge’s power to reduce or even revise the term of the juridical act (contract) and its limit. The comparative context of reduction has also been presented. Reduction is one of the ways to avoid nullity of the juridical act, especially contract clause and is one form of partial invalidity. The main function of it is to protect parties from the disadvantageous and sometimes unexpected effects of invalidity, especially those effects for a party protected by the sanction of nullity (“weaker party”). Reducing the scope of the void term leads to the legal effects of a juridical act remaining in force to the extent allowed and valid in the realm of private law (for instance to cut out the part infringing mandatory rules). This paper includes also comparative remarks on the admissibility of such a reduction in chosen legal systems ius civile and common law tradition. Amongst ius civile systems the doctrine of reduction is widely accepted in German law (called Geltungserhaltende Reduktion). In the common law tradition, reduction is rather inadmissible as a principle. There is a restrictive approach for partial invalidity within the doctrine of severance in contract law. Even though the severability of the contract is only partly invalid, it is widely recognised that reducing invalid contractual terms is hard to accept because of the blue pencil rule and prohibition of such interventions in contractual matters. The article discusses exceptions which can be found in some countries (especially New Zealand or Québec law on illegal contracts). The fundamental problem arising in the area of reducing upholding effectiveness is connected with the fine line between reducing the scope of a void term as a part of the juridical act and revising the matter hidden behind the invalid part of the juridical act. In other words, with the limitations of the courts’ discretion in rewriting an invalid clause.
10
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Forma wykluczenia "bonum prolis" w doktrynie i orzecznictwie Roty Rzymskiej

63%
Gołębiowska A.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2012
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vol. 23
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issue 17
65-84
EN
Issues concerning the procreation and upbringing of children has always been of special concern of the Church and appeared in the regulation of rights on the basis of Marriage Canon Law. Codex of John Paul II in 1983, contains no provisions that define marriage invalid because of the exclusion of offspring. The decision of the Roman Rota that it evokes the title of the exclusion of offspring, as a second source of nullity of marriage. The Roman Rota judges stress that the positive act of will contrary to the essential purpose of marriage, which is the procreation and education of offspring has the same effect as a condition contrary to the essence of marriage. At the focus issues of jurisprudence in the form of exclusion of children received the case law of the Roman Rota, which have the competence of the interpretation of the law.The Roman Rota judges indicate that the selected candidates must demonstrate evidence that the person containing marriage ruled out having children forever, or postponed the decision to have children at some time, but with the indication of the circumstances, the reasons for its decision. Decisions given by the Roman Rota Tribunals show all the particular Churches of significant occupational exposure limits and terms. In addition, a major source of knowledge of canon law. Thus, marriage invalidly contains one who in a certain way limits the marital consensus or a positive act of will exclude the offspring by avoiding the conception or by abortion or kill the unborn child.
11
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Wartość dowodowa opinii biegłego w procesie o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa

63%
Leszczyński G.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2004
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vol. 15
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issue 9
137-150
EN
II canone 1574 del Codice di diritto canonico stabilissce che ci si deve servire dell’opera dei periti ogniqualvolta, secondo il disposto dei diritto о del giudice è necessario il loro esame. Questo, infatti, nelle cause matrimoniali si verifica nei casi contenuti dal Legislatore nei cann. 1084 e 1095, p. 1 CIC riguardanti l’impotenza e le malattie mentali. Questo, se condo la giurisprudenza, risulta utile e necessario anche nei casi contenuti dal Legislatore nei can. 1095, p. 3 CIC.    E poiché nelle cause dell’incapacita psichica non si tratta delle vere e proprie malattie l’intervento dele perito si presenta necessario. In questo articolo cerchiamo di scoprire quale è il valore probativo delle perizie e la sua importanza nella formazione della certezza morale necessaria per il pronunciamento della sentenza. Riconoscendo una grande importanza della perizia svolta con professionalità in questi tipi di cause affermiamo che è il compito di giudice, secondo la regola dei libero apprezzamento , di attribuire alla perizia il preciso valore probativo.
12
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Development of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Lithuania

63%
Moisejevas R.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2015
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vol. 8(11)
35-52
EN
The article reviews the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts on private enforcement of competition law and identifies the main obstacles for the development of this practice. The analysis of the jurisprudence makes it possible to summarise that: most rulings of the Lithuanian courts relate to cases on the abuse of dominance; usually, dominant undertakings were allegedly applying discriminatory conditions towards the injured party and; most of the claims were presented as follow-on actions after a decision of the Competition Council. The courts held that damages caused by a breach of competition law have to be recovered in accordance with Lithuania’s main principles of civil responsibility. At the same time, the courts made it clear that their jurisprudence is based on the rulings of European Courts and the main principles of EU competition law. The main obstacles for the successful development of antitrust damages claims in Lithuania are, inter alia: complexity of competition cases; difficulty in obtaining substantive evidence; proving a consequential relationship and; high legal costs. The article also analyses substantial and procedural provisions of Lithuanian legislation that regulate the submission of antitrust damage claims.
13
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Błąd co do wierności małżeńskiej w kontekście jej wykluczenia

63%
Leszczyński G.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2023
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vol. 34
|
issue 1
83-96
EN
Just as an error can determine the will not to accept marriage in accordance with the teaching of the Church, causing a defect in the consensus, so as well can marital fidelity be excluded directly by a positive act of will. The very phenomenon of error is part of the phenomenon of simulation, since in both cases there is a discrepancy between the will and its external form of expression. This does not mean, however, that the error determining the will is indistinguishable from a simulation. In the case of a simulation, there is a positive exclusion of the good of fidelity, in the case of an error, this exclusion is unconscious, i.e. without the participation of a positive act of will of the person. In this case, this positive act of will would be directed against a reality that one does not know.
PL
Podobnie jak błąd może zdeterminować wolę do braku akceptacji małżeństwa zgodnego z nauką Kościoła, sprawiając wadę konsensu, tak również można bezpośrednio wykluczyć wierność małżeńską pozytywnym aktem woli. Samo zjawisko błędu wchodzi w skład zjawiska symulacji, gdyż w obu przypadkach mamy do czynienia z niezgodnością między wolą a jej zewnętrzną formą wyrazu. Nie oznacza to jednak, iż błąd determinujący wolę nie odróżnia się od symulacji. W przypadku bowiem symulacji następuje pozytywne wykluczenie dobra wierności, w przypadku błędu owo wykluczenie jest nieświadome, czyli bez udziału pozytywnego aktu woli kontrahenta. W tym przypadku ów pozytywny akt woli byłby skierowany przeciwko rzeczywistości, której się nie zna.
14

Małżeństwa katolicko-muzułmańskie w praktyce administracyjnej i sądowej Archidiecezji Lubelskiej w latach 1984-2004

63%
Bzdyrak G.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2013
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vol. 23
|
issue 2
121-139
EN
Between1984 and 2000, 62 marriages were concluded between Catholics and Muslims in the area of the Lublin Archdiocese. Prior to the act, the nuptrients met a Catholic pastor who would point to difficulties of such marriage. If they persisted in their resolution, the priest did pre-marital research to determine any other obstacles. Then he dealt with formalities connected with a dispensation required for a difference of religion. He attached a statement and pledge by the Catholic party of his or her readiness to withstand the risk of losing faith, to observe religious duties, and that their offspring would be baptised and raised in the Catholic Church. Attached also was a declaration of the non-Catholic party that he or she had been informed of the pledge of the Catholic party. The nuptrients would sign these pledges and declarations, but later on it frequently turned out that the non-Catholic party did not attach any significance to them, or even would not respect them – a fact easily ascertained by reading the files of cases for the nullity of marriage. In the discussed period, four such marriages were appealed to the Lublin Metropolitan Tribunal on the grounds of religion since the Muslim party impeded the Catholic party in the practice of religious duties. The greatest problem, however, was the fact Muslims deny the unity and indissolubility of wedlock, since they believe that it is sufficient to utter a short divorce formula for terminate marriage. Apart from polygamy and divorce practices, culture-based conflicts would arise. Muslim husbands took women to be their slaves, not spouses. They also attempted to convert their Catholic spouses to Islam, even by force. Those Muslim defendants did not appear in court. They would return to their home countries, hiding their place of residence, or the Catholic party fled Arab countries, fearing to maintain contact with their spouses.
15
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Rozbieżności w ocenie nieważności małżeństwa z powodu choroby psychicznej w orzecznictwie sądów kościelnych i cywilnych – analiza przypadku

51%
Cynkier, P., Majchrzyk Z.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2011
|
vol. 22
|
issue 16
343-366
EN
Il caso descritto riguarda due processi, svoltisi contemporaneamente in due tribunali – civile ed ecclesiastico – sull’annullamento di un matrimonio con una persona affetta da schizofrenia. Sulla base di questo esempio, vengono descritte le differenze procedurali, che derivano da diverse normative di legge vigenti nei tribunali vescovili e civili su tale materia, nonché le norme per la nomina dei periti psichiatri, e le differenti aspettative che ciascuno dei tribunali pone davanti a sé. Viene presentata la proposta di utilizzo, da parte dei periti e delle corti, del modello della cosiddetta rete sociale, che consente di effettuare un’analisi più completa e approfondita delle relazioni familiari, soprattutto nelle situazioni in cui uno dei coniugi è malato di mente.
16
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Towards normatively limited judicial sanction [structured discretion] as a proportional response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract) in modern legal transactions

45%
Bierć A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2019
|
issue 4 (220)
7-36
EN
The primary purpose of the legal considerations herein is to indicate the direction of the modernization of the legality of control mechanisms in modern legal transactions.At the base of these transactions there is still the traditional, dogmatic sanction of nullity (invalidity) regulated by law (ex lege), and the legal effects of a defective legal action (contract), i.e. an action contrary to law or moral norms. In consideration of disproportionality and ineffectiveness of the nullity sanction under new conditions, jurisprudence and legislation have directed their attention to the limited judicial sanction (structured discretion) originating from the common law tradition as a proportional and flexible response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract). The statutory judicial sanction, which became the basis of the reform on the concept of illegality in common law countries, have found expression in the model rule of European private law. The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), the latter of which revises and updates the PECL, are the primary references for the model rules of contract law in the EU. The PECL and the DCFR have affected the concept of the defective sanction of legal action (contract) in the new Civil Code, drafted by the Polish Civil Law Codification Commission.
17
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Nieważność małżeństwa z tytułu przeszkody węzła małżeńskiego. Analiza przypadku w oparciu o deklarację Sygnatury Apostolskiej z 18 czerwca 1987 r.

45%
Nowicka U.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2014
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
5-17
EN
According to can. 1085 § 1 Code of Canon Law “A person bound by the bond of a prior marriage, even if it was not consummated, invalidly attempts marriage”. Establish the existence of impediment to the marriage bond, however, requires knowledge of not only the doctrine, but appropriate rules proceedings. The presented study is an analysis of impediment to the marriage bond, made on the basis of the case file for nullity of marriage, which was considered one of the ecclesiastical tribunals in Poland. The foundation of the considerations is the declaration of the Apostolic Signatura dated June 18, 1987, where was defined the manner of proceeding reported in declaring the nullity of marriages successively entered. It is a response to the complaints received this Supreme Tribunal concerning the inappropriate manner of proceeding in the case of declaring the nullity of many marriages which have been successively entered into by the same person.
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