Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 19

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  number
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The paper explores English animal zero plurals using data culled from the BNC and argues that the rarely discussed pattern is motivated by a cognitive factor. Specifically, it is argued that the use of the zero plural mirrors the inability to individuate referents in their natural habitat, i.e. the inability to distinguish between particular individuals. In nouns designating aquatic creatures the inability is rooted in the fact that human eyesight is able to penetrate the water surface only to a very limited extent, which makes animals that live underwater and do not surface practically invisible (e.g. They caught lots of herring vs. They observed a pod of whales). In the case of land animals and birds the inability is due to the fact that some animals live in large groups, which thwarts distinguishing particular specimens (e.g. They watched a herd of wildebeest / a covey of quail vs. They spooked a couple of grizzly bears). It is further shown that the zero plural pattern is the most widespread in generic contexts (e.g. There are about 2,700 species of snake), which accords well with the explanation argued for in the paper as species are mental constructs that can be readily talked about but are invisible to the naked eye.
PL
In this paper I will focus on Frege’s six crucial claims on numbers. I begin with indicating the reasons for his interest in this topic and conclude with a reflection on the role of the history of mathematics in the practice of philosophy. Frege believed that the study on numbers is a common task for both philosophers and mathematicians. In this article, priority is given to the philosophical aspect.
3
80%
EN
The paper deals with the phenomenon of changing quantity into quality as it is developed in Hegel’s Science of Logic and its chapter on measure. First, the relation of measure to the concept of number is analyzed, particularly with respect to the concept of real numbers and their birth from the practices of counting and measuring. After that, the measure is treated as a category of speech devoted to the application of theoretical or quantitative differences within the qualitatively given experience. As such, Hegel’s talk about the transformation of quantity into quality, as well as his talk about double negation and bad infinity, are contrasted with their interpretation in Marx’s and Engels’s political economy.
DE
Der Artikel befasst sich mit dem Phänomen des Wandels von Quantität zu Qualität, der in Hegels Wissenschaft der Logik und dort im Kapitel zur Kategorie des Maßes erörtert wird. Zunächst wird das Verhältnis des Maßes und des Zahlbegriffs analysiert, insbesondere in Bezug zum Begriff der reellen Zahl und deren Entstehung in der Praxis des Rechnens und Messens. Anschließend wird das Maß als Kategorie der Sprache erfasst, die die Anwendung theoretischer oder auch quantitativer Unterscheidung auf eine qualitativ gegebene Erfahrung betrifft. In diesem Sinne werden Hegels Ausführungen zum Wandel der Quantität in Qualität, ebenso wie seine Verwendung der doppelten Negation und der schlechten Unendlichkeit in Kontrast zur entsprechenden Interpretation in der politischen Ökonomie von Marx und Engels gesetzt.
4
Content available remote

Fregovo pojetí aplikace aritmetiky

70%
EN
The authors believe that the problem of applicability can be approached in two ways. One approach derives from the fact that the empirical world has been the source of many mathematical concepts, and claims that arithmetic captures reality in the same way as common empirical disciplines. Its miraculous applicability can then be explained by the greater universality of the concepts used. Such an approach is designated a poste¬riori. The other approach to the problem of applicability, designated a priori, assumes that arithmetic is not grounded empirically, in fact it is already there before all expe¬rience. Upon analysis, both approaches authors’ view, these merits and shortcomings were already noticed by Frege. Though his conception is to be classified as an a priori approach, he – unlike his predecessors – also learned much from proponents of a posteriori conceptions.
EN
The hallmarks of space in Tsvetaeva’s poetic world are vertical orientation, two-worldness (many-worldness), measurability, and “immensity”, often expressed by asymmetry. Tsvetaeva’s model of the double world is presented both in its pure form and in a multilayer one (the model of “matryoshka” according to Lotman) with a hierarchical vertical correlation of spaces. The vertical sets the plots, stylistics, system of characters, system of time and expectations of the reader. Tsvetaeva is a bright representative of irrational tendencies in art, which manifest themselves against the background of rational ones, through their violation. Thus, The Attempt of a Room (1926) builds on an imaginary effort to present a hexagonal box of a rendezvous, but fails. The last poem I Keep Repeating the First Verse… (1940) is a poetic reaction to the “mistake in counting”: there should be not six but seven souls at the table. In one of her poems, Tsvetaeva calls herself “one who has edited the miracle with numbers”. This formula aphoristically expresses the nature of creativity asfirst intuitive search, and then rational design. The mathematical calculation of the composition of her books is an analogue of the metric-stanzaic “frame” of her lyrics. In the given proportions she often uses a deliberate failure by one unit (for example, in the collection From Two Books she adds one extra poem, which was originally missing in these two books).
EN
The distinction between number as a name and number as a functor alludes to the important Zahl-Anzahl distinction emphasised by Gottlob Frege. We start from Peano's expression of the axiomatics of natural numbers in the framework of Leśniewski's elementary ontology (OE). Next, we proceed to the enrichment of elementary ontology with Frege's predication scheme (OEsub) and propose such formulation of this axiomatics in which the primitive term natural number (N) is replaced by the term number-functor (A). The nominal constants natural number (N) and zero (0) as well as the functor of the successor (S) are defined here.
EN
Aim. How the concepts of colour and number in Bolu tales are perceived in the beliefs and lives of cultures has been examined in our study. We tried to find an answer to the importance of colour and number images in Turkish culture, to compare them with literary works in the literature, in what sense these images are used and whether there is a fundamental point in these areas of use. Methods. In this study, the method of literature review, which is one of the qualitative research techniques, was used. Various researches previously discussed on this subject were also used as auxiliary elements. Results. Since the scope of our study is within certain limits, common colours, and numbers, which are more common in Turkish culture, are discussed. The white, black, green, and yellow colours are detected in Bolu tales; the numbers three, seven and forty carry the meanings assigned to them in Turkish culture and Islam. Conclusion. This study, the use of colours and numbers in fairy tales was examined in Bolu tales and a generalisation was reached. As a result of the colours and numbers being images in the 88 fairy tales examined, the colours and numbers determined in the tales were handled from a historical, religious and cultural point of view; first of all, explanations were made about the meaning of the concepts of colour and number and how they existed, and it was determined in which context of meaning the explanations were reflected imaginatively in Bolu tales.
PL
Autor rozważa w artykule niecodzienny typ wariantywności w języku staroruskim: singularis vs pluralis. Jego uwagę zwracają przede wszystkim takie sytuacje we współczesnym języku rosyjskim, gdy zamiast dawnej wariantywności form liczby występują formy singularia tantum i pluralia tantum. Zdaniem autora przypadki wariantywności form w zakresie liczby można wyjaśnić podwójną naturą znaków językowych – sygnifikatywnych i denotatywnych. Forma gramatyczna liczby pojedynczej jest wyrażeniem significatum i w żadnym wypadku nie koreluje z potencjalnym gramatycznym znaczeniem jednostkowości. Wręcz przeciwnie, zastąpienie wyjściowych, oryginalnych form wyrazu w liczbie pojedynczej liczbą mnogą jest właśnie spowodowane semantycznym nasyceniem form pluralnych, odzwierciedlających złożoność obiektów lub ich substancjonalną (rzeczową) intensywność. Oznaczony, pozytywny człon opozycji – pluralis – sygnalizuje realność, konkretność, bytowość określanych obiektów, podczas gdy nieoznaczony, negatywny człon okazuje się być związanym z ideą (konceptem) nazwanych obiektów. W intensywnej interakcji członów opozycji rozwija się wtórna, odzwierciedlona kategorialność, w wyniku której prywatywna, jednostronna opozycja może funkcjonować jako ekwipolentna, dwukierunkowa.
EN
The article considers an unusual type of variability in the Old Russian – singularis vs pluralis. Attention is drawn first of all to cases where in the modern Russian language, instead of the ancient variability of numerical forms, the words singularia tantum and pluralia tantum are found. We believe that cases of numerical variability have an explanation in the dual nature of verbal signs – significative and denotative. The grammatical form of the singular appears as an expression of significatum and does not correlate with the potential grammatical meaning of singularity. On the contrary, the replacement of the original word forms of the singular by the plural is due precisely to the semantic saturation of the plural forms reflecting the complexity of the objects or the substantial intensity. The marked member of the opposition – pluralis – signals the reality, concreteness, the beingness of the designated objects, while the unmarked term results in the idea (signification, concept) of the designated objects. In tense interaction of opposition members, a secondary, reflected categoriality develops, as a result of which the private opposition can function as an equipollent one.
EN
This study investigates the effect of power and gender of the addressees on the type and number of refusal strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch female university students (SBFUS) following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) taxonomy. Employing refusal strategies mostly the same as those in the given classification by SBFUS confirms the universality of applying refusal strategies. However, SBFUS also employed some new strategies not predicted in this scheme, suggesting the effect of their religion and culture. The results also disclose that although power of the addressees significantly affects the type and number of refusal strategies employed by SBFUS, the effect of their gender on these variables is trifling. Negative willingness, ability and a combination of 2 strategies are the most frequent strategies regarding the type and number of refusal strategies.
EN
The language learning strategy question has been debated on a number of levels, including definition, the strategy/success relationship and strategy coordination. In addition, awareness has been steadily growing of the importance of taking an holistic view of the strategy phenomenon and examining strategies not just in isolation but as part of an overall picture which includes learning situation, learning target and individual learner characteristics. This article will first of all review the literature and the previous research on these controversial issues, and suggest a workable definition. Then, in order to illustrate the importance of such an holistic view, the results of a small scale study which looks at the strategies used by 16 successful language learners who were all either teaching English or teaching in English at university level will be reported. The quantitative results indicated that these successful learners used many strategies, especially those that suited their goals and their situations; they also frequently used and carefully orchestrated strategy repertoires which suited their own individual needs. The responses of one highly successful respondent were also examined qualitatively. The implications of these findings and the importance of viewing learners holistically are discussed and suggestions are made for ongoing research.
EN
The language learning strategy question has been debated on a number of levels, including definition, the strategy/success relationship and strategy coordination. In addition, awareness has been steadily growing of the importance of taking an holistic view of the strategy phenomenon and examining strategies not just in isolation but as part of an overall picture which includes learning situation, learning target and individual learner characteristics. This article will first of all review the literature and the previous research on these controversial issues, and suggest a workable definition. Then, in order to illustrate the importance of such an holistic view, the results of a small scale study which looks at the strategies used by 16 successful language learners who were all either teaching English or teaching in English at university level will be reported. The quantitative results indicated that these successful learners used many strategies, especially those that suited their goals and their situations; they also frequently used and carefully orchestrated strategy repertoires which suited their own individual needs. The responses of one highly successful respondent were also examined qualitatively. The implications of these findings and the importance of viewing learners holistically are discussed and suggestions are made for ongoing research.
EN
It is a matter of time when the methods of budgeting of entrepreneurship which are used currently will be replaced by new ones – more sophisticated and effective. The will make impossible to lay out the budget using defective data (so called creative budget), they will also accelerate the budgeting itself as well as they will enable to integrate them with partners’ budgets. Clarity of the budget will be one of advantages of competitiveness. The author noticed that reliable rights of physics may to be applicable when solving of economic problems. In the report there is presented and explained how to implement this fact in budgeting of business activity. Presented material is the fragment of author’s work on concept of quantum budgeting in the frame of developing theory of mechanics of the quantum economy.
PL
Jest kwestią czasu, że stosowane w działalności gospodarczej metody budżetowania zastąpione zostaną przez nowe metody, bardziej wyrafinowane i skuteczne. Uniemożliwią one opracowanie budżetów za pomocą danych ułomnych (budżet kreatywny) oraz przyspieszą samo budżetowanie, a także pozwolą je zintegrować z budżetami kooperantów. Przejrzystość budżetu będzie jedną z przewag konkurencyjności. Autor zauważył, że pewne prawa fizyki mogą mieć zastosowanie przy rozwiązywaniu problemów ekonomicznych. W referacie objaśniono, jak przejść ze świat fizyki do świata ekonomii i jak ten fakt zaimplementować w budżetowaniu działalności gospodarczej. Zaprezentowany materiał stanowi fragment pracy autora nad koncepcję budżetowania kwantowego prowadzonych w ramach rozwijanej teorii mechaniki ekonomii kwantowej.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia prawidłowości w zakresie podstawowych kategorii fleksyjnych (tj. rodzaju, liczby i przypadka) obcych i polskich toponimów. Materiał źródłowy stanowią nazwy państw świata i ich stolic, największe miasta świata oraz największe miasta Polski. Z badań wynika, że rodzaj męski mają zasadniczo toponimy o wygłosie spółgłoskowym, rodzaj żeński – nazwy własne zakończone na -a, natomiast rodzaj nijaki – leksemy z wygłosowymi samogłoskami: -e, -i//-y, -o oraz -u. Zdecydowana większość toponimów ma postać liczby pojedynczej, jedynie niewielka ich część to formy plurale tantum, o czym decydują czynniki semantyczne, np. Stany Zjednoczone, Komory bądź historyczne, np.: Węgry, Niemcy. Toponimy rodzaju męskiego odmieniają się według paradygmatu deklinacji męskiej, przy czym nazwy obce mają w D. lp. na ogół końcówkę -u, natomiast nazwy polskie najczęściej zakończenie -a. Leksemy rodzaju żeńskiego odmieniają się według wzorca deklinacji męskiej, natomiast toponimy rodzaju nijakiego są w ponad 90% nieodmienne.
EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question about possible philosophical (non-mathematical) sources of antinomies revealed in mathematics at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Mathematical Platonism seems to be one of such sources. Is it possible, in Plato’s way of thinking, to really find the problem of the existence of objects, which in the context of the infinite set theory was mentioned by Georg Cantor? And if so, how does this problem solve Plato himself?
Onomastica
|
2017
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
43-53
EN
As part of a general lexical system, urbanonymy reflects cultural phenomena in a broad sense. Alongside often discussed and well-studied lexical units, there are other urbanonyms that have been neglected by researchers for various reasons. Intra-city names containing numbers and figures belong to this neglected category.The aim of the study is to define the role of numbers and figures in Slavic urbanonymic systems. The research material is comprised of the contemporary urbanonymy of cities in Belarus, Russia, Poland and Bulgaria; toponymic dictionaries, electronic resources, tourist guides, maps and atlases have been used.The author demonstrates the shared and specific features of the numbers and figures used in the Belarusian urbanonymic system, as compared to that of Russia, Poland and Bulgaria. The symbolic meaning of these figures in the Slavic urbanomasticon is also discussed.In spite of the existing differences in the use of names with a numerical component, their com¬position can be treated as a universal onomastic process. Street names containing figures are part of national culture, as they call to mind important national events or facts, both past and present. This helps individuals cultivate a personal sense of belonging to their native land, thus contributing to the preservation of tradition.
|
2019
|
vol. 8
|
issue 3
681-716
EN
The chief aim of this article is to show that St. Thomas Aquinas’s Fourth Way of demonstrating God’s existence can only be made precisely intelligible by comprehending it as a real, generic whole in light of its specific organizational principles. Considered as a real, generic whole, this argument is one from effect to cause (from a real order of more or less perfectly existing generic, specific, and individual beings [habens esse] more or less perfectly possessing generic, specific, and individual ways of being within qualitatively different, hierarchical, orders of existence to a first cause of this order of perfections). In addition, this article maintains that, to comprehend this complicated argument, readers mush be familiar with philosophical principles that St. Thomas repeatedly uses throughout his major works, but with which most of his contemporary students tend to be unfamiliar. Consequently, a secondary aim of this paper is to introduce readers unfamiliar with them to some of these principle so that they may be able better to comprehend what St. Thomas is saying in this demonstration and in other teachings of his as well.
EN
Liczba 153 ryb złowionych przez uczniów w J 21, 11 stanowi od dawna przedmiot dociekań. Pojawiło się wiele interpretacji tejże liczby, która musiała być z jakichś powodów dobrze zapamiętana i zapisana. Autorami tych interpretacji byli zarówno Ojcowie Kościoła, jak i współcześni teologowie. Wiele z nich jest bardzo ciekawych, jednak żadna z nich nie uwzględnia występowania tejże liczby poza Pismem Świętym. Jak się okazuje, liczba ta poza Biblią jest ściśle związana z Matką Bożą (ilośćZdrowaś Maryjow różańcu, ciągłe przewijanie się liczby 153 w objawieniach w Fatimie). Nie jest to przypadek, bo liczba 153 pojawia się w Ewangelii Jana, któremu Jezus umierając na krzyżu powierzył swoją Matkę. Związek tej liczby 153 z Matką Bożą jest dość oczywisty, ale nie wyjaśnia jeszcze znaczenia tej liczby. Rozwiązanie znajduje się w Ewangelii Łukasza, który ze wszystkich Ewangelistów poświęcił Matce Bożej najwięcej miejsca. W jego opisie nawiedzenia Najświetszej Maryi znajduje się klucz do odczytania liczby 153. Chodzi mianowicie o słowa, jakie św. Elżbieta wypowiedziała do Maryi: „A skądże mi to, że Matka mojego Pana przychodzi do mnie?” (Łk 1, 43). Tytuł Maryi „Matka Pana” jest równoznaczny z „Matka Boga”. W języku oryginalnym (greckim) ten tytuł Maryi zaskakuje. Biorąc pod uwagę wielką analogię pomiędzy Janem i Łukaszem, można odczytać znaczenie liczby 153: a) u Jana jest wymienionych pięciu uczniów z imienia, a u Łukasza pełny tytuł Maryi składa się z pięciu wyrazów (w języku greckim):ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ κυρίου μου; b) u Jana jest wymienionych dwóch uczniów bez imienia, u Łukasza wartość numeryczna dwóch kluczowych słów z tegoż tytułu Maryi (μήτηρ κυρίου) wynosi dokładnie 153, tyle samo, co ilość złowionych ryb. Okazuje się w ten sposób, że wartość numeryczna (gematryczna) dwóch słów kluczowych „Matka Pana” po grecku wynosi dokładnie 153. Taki sposób odczytania potwierdza opinia J. M. Lagrange’a! Takie wyjaśnienie liczby 153 w J 21,11 jest nowe, bardzo proste, gematryczne i właściwe tylko katolikom, bo żeby je znaleźć, trzeba uwierzyć, że Maryja jest prawdziwą Matką Bożą. Mówi nam o tym scena zwiastowania, kiedy Maryja staje się Matką Chrystusa – Boga-człowieka, a potwierdza to scena nawiedzenia, gdy Elżbieta nazywa Maryję „Matką Pana”.
EN
In 1947 F. Smend has developed the theory about numerological symbolism in Bach`s music. In similar way to the cabalistic gematria, he discovered, the coinherence of symbolic name Bach as the number 14, and J.S.Bach as 41. He claimed, that it is possible to find that Bach has used that symbolism in his compositions. The exaple of this operation is possible to find in the first part of ClavierUbung: this work is made from 41 movements, and was published as the first printed work from Bach in his life. And Bach started to write this work, as he was 41 years old. On the Hausmann painting, Bach has got the manuscript contain fragment of 14 canons. The painting was made because of Bach`s joining as 14th member to the Mitzler Society. Those simple conclusions lead to establish the international searching group for common platform for music, theology and symbolical numbers in Bach`s ouvre. This group has mainly researched the text-based works, and didn`t focus on the correspondence among the series-work of Bach. Profesor Christoph Bossert with his over 20 years of his research work discovered the special code, which Bach might to used for his compositions. Based on that discoveries, he constitute the Bach-Societät group, which is focused on researches and discovering connections among the theology, symbolism and musical structures in whole Bach`s music.
PL
In 1947 Friedrich Smend has developed the theory about numerological symbolism in Bach’s music. In similar way to the cabalistic gematria, he discovered, the coinherence of symbolic name “Bach” as the number 14, and “J.S.Bach” as 41. He claimed that it is possible to find that Bach has used that symbolism in his compositions. The exaple of this operation is possible to find in the first part of ClavierÜbung: this work is made from 41 movements, and was published as the first printed work from Bach in his life. And Bach started to write this work as he was 41 years old. On the Hausmann painting, Bach has got the manuscript contain fragment of 14 canons. The painting was made because of Bach’s joining as 14th member to the Mitzler Society. Those simple conclusions lead to establish the international searching group for common platform for music, theology and symbolical numbers in Bach’s ouvre. This group has mainly researched the text-based works, and did not focus on the correspondence among the series-work of Bach. Profesor Christoph Bossert with his over 20 years of his research work discovered the special code, which Bach might to used for his compositions. Based on that discoveries, he constitute the Bach-Societät group, which is focused on researches and discovering connections among the theology, symbolism and musical structures in whole Bach’s music.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.