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1

Escalation of commitment is independent of numeracy and cognitive reflection. Failed replication and extension of Staw (1976)

100%

Białek M., Węgrzyn M., Meyers E. A.

Economics and Business Review

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2021

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vol. 7

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issue 2

5-16

EN

First demonstrated by Staw (1976), escalation of commitment is the tendency for an individual to increase their commitment to a failing course of action when they are personally responsible for the negative consequences. An attempt was made to replicate this finding and test whether individual differences in numeracy and cog native reflection could help explain such an effect. No evidence for escalation of commitment amongst the participants was found (N = 365). Participants simply invested more in more promising projects. Also, no evidence was found that numeracy or cognitive reflection predict escalation behaviour. The validity of escalation of commitment behaviour is discussed which suggests that future work should look to explore the boundary conditions of such an effect.

2

Algorithm aversion: Sensitivity to interventions and the relationship with numeracy

88%

Dzieżyk M., Hetmańczuk W., Traczyk J.

Decyzje

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2020

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issue 34

67-90

EN

The main goal of this research was to investigate whether people exhibit algorithm aversion-a tendency to avoid using an imperfect algorithm even if it outperforms human judgments-in the case of estimating students’ percentile scores on a standardized math test. We also explored the relationships between numeracy and algorithm aversion and tested two interventions aimed at reducing algorithm aversion. In two studies, we asked participants to estimate the percentiles of 46 real 15-year-old Polish students on a standardized math test. Participants were offered the opportunity to compare their estimates with the forecasts of an algorithm - a statistical model that predicted real percentile scores based on fi ve explanatory variables (i.e., gender, repeating a class, the number of pages read before the exam, the frequency of playing online games, socioeconomic status). Across two studies, we demonstrated that even though the predictions of the statistical model were closer to students’ percentile scores, participants were less likely to rely on the statistical model predictions in making forecasts. We also found that higher statistical numeracy was related to a higher reluctance to use the algorithm. In Study 2, we introduced two interventions to reduce algorithm aversion. Depending on the experimental condition, participants either received feedback on statistical model predictions or were provided with a detailed description of the statistical model. We found that people, especially those with higher statistical numeracy, avoided using the imperfect algorithm even though it outperformed human judgments. Interestingly, a simple intervention that explained how the statistical model works led to better performance in an estimation task.

3

Relationship between Elementary School Students' Numeracy and Number Sense

88%

Rahmawati R. D., Sulistyani N., Purnomo Y. W., Fitriya Y., Ramadhani D.

The New Educational Review

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2023

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vol. 74

73-88

EN

Numbers are fundamental mathematical concepts that underlie various other mathematical principles. This research investigates the relationship between number sense and the numeracy abilities of fifth-grade elementary school students. A cross-sectional survey method was used, with 205 respondents voluntarily participating. The results showed a reciprocal relationship between number sense and numeracy in elementary school students. Emphasising number sense can enhance flexibility in numeracy solutions. Number sense can be developed through assigning math tasks related to the students' environment or associating it with other learning processes. The study emphasises the importance of number sense in the primary school mathematics curriculum.

4

Laughing at Numbers: Evidence for Numeracy in the “Philogelos”

87%

Brodersen K.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2020

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vol. 30

PL

Ancient numeracy is reasonably well attested in scientific sources. However, any study of applied mathematics faces the problem of a dearth of evidence. The paper suggests that the jokes collected in the “Philogelos” provide such evidence, and discusses the failings which are referred to in these jokes.

5

Sensitivity of numerate individuals to large asymmetry in outcomes: A registered replication of Traczyk et al. (2018)

75%

Mondal S.

Decyzje

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2021

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issue 35

5-25

EN

The main aim of this study is to replicate the effect shown by Traczyk et al. (2018), where individuals with higher statistical numeracy, compared to individuals with lower statistical numeracy, employed a more effortful choice strategy when outcomes were meaningful. I hypothesize that participants with higher numeracy will be more likely to make choices predicted by Cumulative Prospect Theory and Expected Value theory (CPT/EV) in high-payoff problems than in low-payoff problems. Data collection was done online by appointing 73 participants. Participants’ preference, fluid intelligence, objective and subjective numeracy were measured using thirteen high and eleven low payoff choice problems, International Cognitive Ability Resource (ICAR), Berlin Numeracy Test (BNT), and Subjective Numeracy Scale (SNS), respectively. All the measures mentioned above were presented randomly. Results showed that all participants, in high-payoff condition, on average maximized EV; however, participants with high BNT scores were more likely to make choices consistent with CPT/EV predictions than individuals with low BNT scores. Furthermore, compared to less numerate participants, highly numerate participants were less likely to make choices consistent with CPT/EV predictions in low-payoff condition. Highly numerate individuals adjusted their choice strategy by modulating their response time, indicating their discernible sensitivity towards large asymmetry in payoff. In conclusion, the effect shown by Traczyk et al. (2018) was successfully replicated.

6

Link Between Adult Literacy and Participation in the Labour Market: Central European Region

75%

Dudaitė J., Dačiulytė R.

The New Educational Review

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2022

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vol. 67

43-55

EN

Human capital, together with financial and material resources, is an important factor in the economy of society. Human capital can be defined in different ways, but knowledge, abilities, skills, competences, or literacy, in general, are essential parts. It can be said that literacy is the cornerstone of human capital. According to the basic principles of the theory of employment, factors such as education, gender, age, health, marital status, and emigration have a major impact on participation in the labour market. However, in scientific discourse, there is a strong emphasis on these factors and the importance of literacy. However, there is a lack of studies specifically analysing the links between literacy and participation in the labour market. In particular, it is important to analyse whether literacy is equally important for participation in the labour market in different regions and countries. This article analyses the link between participation in the labour market and literacy in the Central European region. Six Central European countries are analysed based on the International Survey of Adult Skills OECD PIAAC. An analysis of the main parameters showing how a person participates in the labour market suggests there is a link between a person’s literacy and their working status, type of employment contract, managerial position, and economic sector.

7

Wpływ negatywnego afektu na kształt funkcji wag decyzyjnych

63%

TRACZYK J., FUŁAWKA K.

Psychologia Ekonomiczna

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2014

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issue 5

6–25

EN

When making decisions, people tend tooverweight small probabilities and underweight moderate and high probabilities. This bias is stronger for affect-rich outcomes. In the current research, we investigated the influence of object-irrelevant affect on distortions of probabilities. Subjects participated in two independent tasks. In the first one, participants had tofollow sets of stimuli displayed serially on ascreen. Depending on the experimental condition, neutral envelopes were presented with aset of other neutral or negative stimuli. In the second task, subjects declared certainty equivalents for nine lotteries by giving the maximum amount of money that they would pay in order toinsure negatively or neutrally conditioned envelopes from previous task. We estimated the probability weighting function described by two parameters – attractiveness of the lottery outcome and probability discriminability – for both experimental conditions, separately. Participants showed alower mean value of attractiveness for negatively conditioned envelopes. However, the discriminability parameter did not differ between conditions. Additionally, we found that less numerate individuals use object-irrelevant affect tomake decisions under risk, which is expressed in more pronounced distortions in probability weighting.

PL

Podejmując decyzje, ludzie zniekształcają obiektywne wartości prawdopodobieństw: niskie wartości prawdopodobieństw są przeważane, natomiast średnie iwysokie – niedoważane. Efekt ten nasila się wprzypadku loterii, których rezultaty wzbudzają silne emocje. Wartykule zamierzano zweryfikować, czy za efekty zniekształcenia prawdopodobieństw mogą być odpowiedzialne emocje niezwiązane bezpośrednio zprzedmiotem loterii. Badani brali udział wdwóch niezależnych zadaniach. Pierwsze zadanie polegało na śledzeniu serii zmieniających się bodźców. Zależnie od manipulacji, bodziec warunkowy – kopertę zawierającą określoną kwotę – eksponowano wraz zbodźcami neutralnymi lub bodźcami negatywnymi. Wdrugim zadaniu badani podawali ekwiwalenty pewne dla dziewięciu loterii pieniężnych deklarując maksymalną kwotę, którą byliby wstanie przeznaczyć na ubezpieczenie kopert uwarunkowanych neutralnie lub negatywnie wpoprzedniej części badania. Wobu warunkach eksperymentalnych przeprowadzono estymację funkcji wag decyzyjnych opisanej dwoma parametrami – atrakcyjności wyniku loterii oraz różnicowania wartości prawdopodobieństw. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły, że negatywny afekt wpływa na obniżenie parametru atrakcyjności loterii. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic wparametrze różnicowania prawdopodobieństw. Dodatkowo wykazano, że osoby oniskich zdolnościach numerycznych zniekształcają prawdopodobieństwa wwagach decyzyjnych wwiększym stopniu niż osoby owysokich zdolnościach numerycznych, ponieważ swoje decyzje opierają na afekcie, który jest nieadekwatnie przypisany do przedmiotu oceny.

8

Standardy i jakość życia w historiografii światowej. Przegląd badań i problemów

63%

Guzowski P., Poniat R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2016

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vol. 76

PL

Autorzy opisują historię badań nad standardami życia w przeszłości oraz wskazują na różnicę między nimi a studiami nad jakością życia. Artykuł zawiera też przegląd metod badań nad standardami, skupiając się na najważniejszych z nich, dotyczących takich zagadnień, jak konsumpcja, płace realne i obliczenia PKB per capita, biologiczny standard życia, wskaźniki demograficzne (oczekiwana długości życia, umieralność noworodków i niemowląt), nierówności ekonomiczne, alfabetyzacja i umiejętność liczenia.

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