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EN
Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that an adequate nurse staffing in a hospital exerts an effect on both the level of health services provided and the safety of patients. Numerous reports confirm the shortage of nurses who, has been observed in almost all European countries, and may threaten the quality of health care. Purpose: The objective of the study is an analysis of nurse staffing and the factors which shape the demand for health care in Poland. Material and methods: The study was based on the analysis of scientific literature, legal acts and reports by Polish government and occupational organizations, which undertake the problem discussed. Results: For years, in Poland, a decrease has been observed in nurse staffing rates per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to 15 countries of the European Union. The factors which affect the nurse staffing rate in Poland include changes in the sector of health care and the vocational education of nurses. Simultaneously, the limitations in employment of nurses are accompanied by an increased demand for health services. Considering the shortages in nurse staffing, and an increase in the demand for health services, there is a necessity to undertake systemic actions, both on the national and European level. Conclusions: Systemic solutions are necessary to prevent a divergence between increasing public health care demand and limited or even decreasing number of nurses willing to work in the profession. Otherwise the realization of the health policy goals might be hindered.
EN
Background: It is necessary that physicians, nurses, other health professionals and even medical students and students of nursing and midwifery schools abstain from smoking. Those who are already smokers should quit or make sure that patients are not around when smoking. Purpose: This study aims to examine the substance abuse among nurses, the substances that they mostly abuse and affecting factors in light of previous studies conducted in Turkey. Method: Systematic literature review. Results: Studies conducted in Turkey show that smoking rate among nurses varies between 42.3% to 68.6%, while quit rate varies between 6% to 12.7%. Unfortunately, these results are quite high. Being a widow/widower, having divorced, presence of a mental problem requiring treatment, and being a high school graduate increase the likelihood of smoking. Nurses with a university degree start smoking at the age of 21 or above. The leading reason for smoking is social environment and friends, followed by stress/boredom and pretension/enjoyment. Conclusion: Organizing educational programs and campaigns for all nurses, especially for the students of nursing and health vocational schools, which focus on the negative effects of smoking and quitting, and making changes in the curricula of health-related programs so that students get familiar with the topic as early as in the first year of their education, would make the fight against substance abuse more effective
EN
Purpose: Presenting how blood pressure cuffs are cleaned by nurses and which disinfectant agents are used in cleaning the cuffs will allow conducting detailed studies that can establish a standard procedure for cuff cleaning. However, there is no study on the views of nurses and application procedures regarding the cleaning of blood pressure cuffs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine nurses' attitudes regarding cleaning the blood pressure cuffs in Turkey. Materials and methods: The study sample was composed of nurses working in Turkey who were invited and agreed to participate in the study from February to March 2021. This study was completed with 286 nurses with 90% power. Research data were collected online via Google Forms. Results: In the study, 64.3% of the nurses stated that the cleaning staff should be responsible for cleaning the cuffs. 29.4% reported that the cuffs were cleaned several times a month, and 20.3% stated that cuffs were cleaned only when they were infected. 52.1% reported that alcohol was used for cleaning the cuffs. Conclusions: Nurses agreed on the necessity of cuff cleaning and that the cuffs could be a source of infection when they were not cleaned. Since nurses have an important role in infection control, they should play an active role in cuff cleaning and receive training on this issue.
EN
Introduction. Health behaviors are all behaviors related to health. The study was aimed at recognizing the health behaviors of professionally active nurses. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate health behaviors presented by professionally active nurses. Material and methods. 103 nurses were included in the study. The method of diagnostic survey was used in the paper, and the research tool was the author’s questionnaire for socio-demographic data and the Inventory of Health Behaviors. Results. Nearly 60% of the respondents declared participation in preventive examinations. 70% of nurses put the family first in the hierarchy of life values. In the group of professionally active nurses, the value of health behavior index was 80.52 points. Conclusion. The greatest value in the life of nurses was the family right after health and work. Nurses declared regular participation in preventive screenings. They presented the average level of health behaviors. The nurses’ educational level positively affected the level of their health behavior. Nurses living in the countryside showed a higher level of health behavior. Nurses with chronic condition presented a lower level of health behaviors than their healthy colleagues.
EN
Introduction and aim. Sexuality is one of the basic human needs. The coronavirus has adversely affected every aspect of people’s lives. The nurses who were in the closest contact with the patients were affected more negatively due to the many unknowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the sexual quality of life of nurses. Material and methods. The sample of this descriptive-cross-sectional study consisted of 390 nurses who met the inclusion criteria. The data were collected over the social networks between November 2020-January 2021. The data were collected through social networks using the “Personal Information Form” and “Quality of Sexual Life Scale-Women” using the self-report method. Results. The mean age of the nurses was 32.44±6.83, and 59.2% of them had a university level education. The mean score of the women’s sexual quality of life scale was calculated as 87.37±20.83. It has been determined that there is a statistically significant difference between the scores obtained from the sexual life quality scale according to the status of the nurses having (p<0.05). Conclusion. In the COVID-19 pandemic, it was determined that the sexual life quality of nurses was above the medium level and their sexual life was adversely affected.
EN
Introduction and aim. In the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a global threat, the awareness levels of intensive care nurses who meet all the care needs of patients can affect the quality of care. In this study, pandemic awareness and care behaviors of nurses who undertook the patient’s care needs in intensive care units were examined. Material and methods. The research was carried out with 317 nurses working critical care units of 12 hospitals in different provinces. “Nurse Characteristics Form”, “Pandemic Awareness Scale” and “Caring Behaviors Inventory-24” were used as data collection tools. Data were collected between March and August 2022 in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic process using an online survey. Results. It was determined that 75.4% of the participants were female and the mean age was 25.56±4.49. Pandemic awareness scale score was 3.04±0.62 (0.11-3.67) and caring behaviors inventory score was 5.48±0.84 (1.00-6.00). A significant, positive, weak relationship was found between nurses’ pandemic awareness and all sub-dimensions of caring behaviors (p≤ 0.05). Conclusion. It was seen that the caring behaviors of nurses with high pandemic awareness were also positively affected. Although it was the first time they had experienced the pandemic, nurses were found to have good caring behaviors.
EN
Recent years in Poland have been characterized by the dynamic development of scientific activity among nurses. It might have been caused by several factors, namely: the rising needs and expectations of representatives of this professional group, the necessity of adjusting to EU standards, changes in the system of education, as well as the individual “research needs” of those representatives. However, is there a correlation between the increase in the quantity of scientific research and its quality? An attempt to answer that question led the author to formulate this paper’s goal, which had been formulated as follows: to analyse different sources of information concerning the reality of scientific research in nursing in Poland.
EN
Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the psychological condition of representatives from various professional groups of healthcare workers, the degree of their exposure to patient aggression, as well as with the duration of their professional experience.Materials and methods:Study participants (n=1498) were employed at open and closed healthcare units within Podlaskie province: 493 nurses, 504 midwives and 501 physicians. The Work Features Evaluation Questionnaire and General Health Evaluation Questionnaire GHQ28 were applied, and the psychological condition of medical staff was examined based on a 30-question surveyResults:When analyzing all of the groups of medical personnel, the mean level of exposure to patient aggression fell within the moderate range. The highest level of aggression was experienced amongst nurses, while the lowest – amongst midwives. The analyzed groups did not differ significantly in terms of the level of their psychological condition. With the exception of physicians, no significant association was observed between levels of patient aggression and the psychological condition of the medical personnel. Amongst physicians, individuals who experienced lower levels of aggression were characterized by significantly higher psychological condition values when compared to personnel exposed to moderate or high levels of patient aggression. No significant linear correlations between psychological condition levels and the frequency of patient aggression or duration of professional experience were noted in any of the analyzed professional groups.Conclusions:A moderate level of exposure to patient aggression is not the main factor affecting the psychological condition of medical personnel.
EN
Purpose: This study is a descriptive study conducted to investigate the use of Complementary and Integrative Medicines (CIM) among internal medicine and surgical clinic nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic period. Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of 1112 nurses working at the internal medicine and surgical clinics of a hospital in eastern Turkey. The data were collected between November 2020 and February 2021 by using a Nurse Identification Form and a Questionnaire Form for Complementary/Integrative Treatment. Ethics board approval and institutional permission were obtained. Results: It was determined that 55.2% of the participants used at least one of the CIM methods, the most frequently used method was herbal treatment-phytotherapy (96.7%), and the least frequently used method was homeopathy (3.1%). On CIM usage, the having received CIM training (β=0.395), high levels of perceived danger regarding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health (β=0.321), high levels of perceived infection probability (β=0.249), high levels of concern about being in crowded places (β=0.187), high levels of concern about getting the infection in oneself and/or family members (β=0.262) and being at the ages of 40-50 (β=0.116) had predictive effects. Conclusions: It was determined that the majority of the nurses used CIM methods in the COVID-19 pandemic process, and they preferred herbal treatment most. To prevent a negative outcome that may potentially be caused by a CIM method that is used, it is recommended to provide nurses with training on CIM use for the COVID-19 pandemic.
EN
Cancer is also now linked with the idea incurable and inevitable death. It can accept the reality of the cancer is a gradual process, which is the result not only of will or volition. And are not confined patient. As regards the patient as a way to make their disease process depends on several factors. Those are the main character and personality of the patient, his ability to cope with stressful situations, current life situation as well as the degree of support for family or friends. Communication with cancer patients is one of the most important skills of any health care professional. Is different and also specific to each client's stage of development responses to the disease. Above all, however, is crucial to establishing mutual trust necessary to a successful partnership with nurse and patients. The authors of this paper dealing unspoken question from cancer patients. One of the most common causes for unspoken questions lies, that after the announcement of diagnosis and waking necessary therapeutic measures, the patient suddenly so under the impression that it needs some time to make your situation much thought.
EN
Little is known about nurses’ viewpoints, experience, and opinions regarding this issue even though lifelong learning and distance education are of great importance in nursing. It is important to have knowledge about nurses’ lifelong-learning tendencies and attitudes toward distance education when structuring related education programmes. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between nurses’ lifelong-learning tendencies and their attitudes toward distance education. This is a descriptive research design with a stratified random sample. The sample included 417 nurses. The Lifelong-Learning Tendencies Scale and the Distance Education Attitude Scale were used to collect data. SPSS for Windows 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Our results show that nurses do not tend to engage in lifelong learning, and they experience uncertainty in their attitudes toward distance education. We found a weak negative correlation between lifelong-learning tendencies and attitudes toward distance education. Continuing education programmes should be designed to improve and support nurses’ attitudes toward lifelong learning and distance education. Distance education supports nurses’ lifelong learning by updating their post-graduation knowledge improving comprehension about developments that affect and consciously broaden their viewpoint and intellectual level. Continuing education programmes to enhance nurses’ personal and professional development should be designed to improve their attitudes toward lifelong learning and distance education.
EN
Using a qualitative method of research, nurses described their experiences and feelings of professional activity as a living phenomenon occurring in their natural environment. Feelings and experiences arising from these interviews were divided into three themes: work environment, emotional and physical overload, perception of professional activity.
EN
Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the level of exposure and average intensity of aggression towards particular professional groups of healthcare workers. Materials and Methods: Study participants (n = 1498) were employed at open and closed healthcare units within Podlaskie Voivodeship: 493 nurses, 504 midwives and 501 physicians. The MDM Questionnaire was applied. Results: Aggression originating from patients was experienced by 92% of nurses, 86% of doctors, and 74% of midwives examined. Aggressive behavior of co-working physicians concerned 55% of midwives, 54% of nurses and 40% of physicians. The highest average levels of patient aggression, ranging between 2.20 and 3.31, were reported by nurses. Conclusions: Nurses are the group most exposed to most aggression forms and sources. Physicians are least exposed to aggression, except for aggression manifested by patients.
EN
Doctors and other representatives of medical professions play a special role in a society, as they are entrusted with people’s health which is one of the greatest goods of a human. Surveys conducted in various systems of healthcare related to the satisfaction of persons with chronic health problems show that the main source of problems is the medical staff rather than the degree of advancement of medical technologies available. Therefore, appropriate – in accordance with the expectations of the society – education of medical staff should constitute a very important element of the health protection system. The Supreme Audit Office, taking the above in consideration, has conducted a coordinated audit of this matter.
EN
Introduction: Alternative therapeutic methods are used frequently by health care professionals for pain management, particularly for patients whose disease is in advanced stage. Purpose: To assess attitudes toward alternative methods for pain management among patients and nurses. Results: This study’s sample is comprised by patients and nurses randomly selected from three general hospitals in Athens, Greece. This is a quantitative descriptive study with the demographic factors association. Two questionnaires were used, which were answered under the principals of anonymity and confidentiality with synchronic design and survey elements to record nurses’ and patients’ knowledge and attitude concerning implementation of alternative methods for pain management. Results: Patients clinic and age do not seem to affect the implementation of alternative methods for pain management. Regarding the profession, the average reported pain score for manual workers is 3.25 (ranged from 1 to 5), whereas, the score for self-employed is 9.75 (ranged from 1 to 10). Pain intensity score decreases from 4.52 ± 3.3 to 1.92 ± 2.8 after the use of at least one alternative method for pain management (p<0.001). Only 19.7% of nurses reported that they used alternative methods for pain management and 23% suggested them to patients. Less than 15% of nurses are not willing to be trained in alternative methods for pain management. Conclusion: These results show that pain should be managed by combined conventional and alternative interventions and patients’ opinion should be taken into account.
PL
Zabieg pomostowania aortalno-wieńcowego stanowi prawie 3/4 wszystkich zabiegów kardiochirurgicznych. Ta rozległa i skomplikowana operacja wymaga uczestnictwa wykwalifikowanego zespołu medycznego, którego niezbędną częścią są pielęgniarki instrumentariuszki. Posiadana przez nie wiedza teoretyczna i praktyczna oraz doświadczenie przyczyniają się do sprawnego przebiegu zabiegu. Do zadań pielęgniarki operacyjnej należy nie tylko instrumentowanie, ale również przygotowanie sali operacyjnej, narzędzi, kontrola sterylności materiałów, prowadzenie dokumentacji (przez pielęgniarkę pomagającą), wykonywanie opatrunków oraz odpowiednie postępowanie z narzędziami po zabiegu i oddanie ich do sterylizacji. Bardzo ważne jest również dbanie o bezpieczeństwo pacjenta, za które odpowiedzialni są wszyscy członkowie zespołu operacyjnego.
EN
The coronary artery by-pass surgery accounts for almost 3/4 of all cardiosurgical procedures. This extensive and complicated operation requires the participation of a qualified medical team whose necessary part are nurse practitioners. Their theoretical and practical knowledge as well as experience contribute to the smooth operation of the procedure. The tasks of the scrub nurse include not only instrumentation, but also the preparation of the operating room, tools, control of sterility of materials, keeping documentation (by the nurse helping), dressing and proper handling of tools after surgery and putting them to sterilization. It is also very important to take care of the patient’s safety, for which all members of the operating team are responsible.
EN
The article is a study of the pedagogical system of bringing up merciful attitude of nurses to the patient during training. The complex of theoretical (analysis, synthesis, design) and empirical (questionnaire, psychodiagnostic testing) methods of pedagogical research are used. There are determined the conceptual provisions of designing of the pedagiogical system of merciful attitude of the nurse to the patient, pedagogical conditions for its effective functioning (formation of belief in the integrity of wildlife (functional aspect), its systematic and hierarchical (structural aspect) orientation of the educational process of preparing nurses for the upbringing of the merciful attitude as professionally significant qualities of such component as professional, educational, emotional and value attitude to the objects of nature and subjects of professional activity). Two ways of creating meaningful merciful attitude as professionally as the competent expert are proposed, namely: direct and indirect. The essence of the first way is to create a special educational environment in medical colleges, which encourages the development and formation of human qualities of future specialists, provides special purposeful activity of training of compassionate attitude to the patients, in which the structure of values is a special subject of learning. The second way involves formation of mercy as professionally significant quality (value) which means bioethical education of students in the classroom and outside the classroom through teaching and learning activities. Its essence is to create a sense of responsibility for all the life on Earth and the capacity for compassion to all living creatures: animals, wildlife and the environment, and finally, man. The tool for studying the discipline “Basics of Bioethics” is realized, its purpose is to educate the students conscious moral attitude towards all living beings and action-reverence for human life and formation skills to apply bioethical knowledge in their future careers. Education system includes purpose; principles; route (direct and indirect); educational facilities; stages; educational influence factors (endogenous and exogenous); forms of organization; diagnostic tools. The practical significance of the publication is to develop diagnostic tools as merciful attitude formation of professional values and stages (cognitive-axiological, empirical procedure, communicative and reflective, creative-activity) of bringing up merciful attitude of the nurse to the patient. The expediency of inclusion in the curriculum of nurses’ training of educational qualification level “junior specialist” discipline “Basics of Bioethics” is proved.
EN
Introduction. A primary health care nurse is equipped with skills obtained during primary education (1st degree studies), which can be additionally widened owing to post-graduate education. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of nurses working in primary health care centres in Opole, Poland, with reference to providing first aid in life-threatening emergencies occurring outside their working place. Materials and methods. In the quantitative studies carried out in 2015, the method of a diagnostic poll was applied. It consisted in performing the authors’ own test referring to knowledge on providing first aid. The research comprised 45 nurses in 11 primary health care centres in Opole, Poland. Results. The responders presented a medium level of knowledge concerning basic life support and automatic external defibrillation (54%) as well as providing help to a non-breathing child (55%). As few as 1/3 of the responders knew how to proceed in a communication accident, and 1/4 did not have verify their skills after graduation through taking part in post-graduate education. The total of 40% of the responders had provided first aid in life-threatening emergencies occurring outside their working place. Conclusions. The level of post-graduate education should be raised along with the number of regular training sessions in the working place with reference to providing first aid in life-threatening emergencies.
PL
Wstęp. Pielęgniarka POZ jest zobowiązana do udzielania pierwszej pomocy zgodnie z uzyskanymi podczas kształcenia podstawowego kwalifikacjami, które może poszerzać dzięki kształceniu podyplomowemu. Cel pracy: ocena wiedzy pielęgniarek pracujących w przychodniach POZ na terenie miasta Opola z zakresu udzielania pierwszej pomocy w nagłych stanach zagrożenia życia występujących poza miejscem pracy. Materiał i metody. W badaniach przeprowadzonych w 2015 r. została wykorzystana metoda sondażu diagnostycznego (autorski test). Obejmował on wiedzę z zakresu udzielania pomocy na poziomie Kwalifikowanej Pierwszej Pomocy. Badania przeprowadzono wśród 45 pielęgniarek w 11 opolskich przychodniach POZ. Wyniki. Ankietowani wykazali się średnią wiedzą z zakresu podstawowych zabiegów resuscytacyjnych i automatycznej defibrylacji zewnętrznej (54%), a także udzielania pomocy nieoddychającemu dziecku (55%). Jedynie 1/3 respondentów znała zasady postępowania w wypadku komunikacyjnym, a ¼ nie weryfikowała swoich umiejętności po uzyskaniu dyplomu. Jednocześnie 40% badanych udzielało pierwszej pomocy w stanach zagrożenia życia poza miejscem pracy. Wnioski. Należy zwrócić uwagę na jakość dotychczasowego kształcenia podyplomowego oraz organizację regularnych szkoleń w miejscu pracy z zakresu udzielania pomocy w nagłych stanach zagrożenia życia.
Acta Medicorum Polonorum
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2016
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vol. 6
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issue 2
39-67
PL
Bogumiła Noiszewska przyszła na świat 11 czerwca 1885 r., w Osaniszkach, w guberni wileńskiej (obecnie: Białoruś), jako córka okulisty – Kazimierza Noiszewskiego i Marii, z domu Andruszkiewicz. Gimnazjum żeńskie, z wyróżnieniem, ukończyła w Tule. W 1902 r. wstąpiła do Stowarzyszenia Córek Maryi pod Opieką św. Agnieszki. Po ukończeniu szkoły średniej chciała wstąpić do zakonu, by oddać się kontemplacji i pracy z sierotami i ubogimi. Za namową swojej rodziny, jak również kierownika duchowego – ks. Zygmunta Łozińskiego, później biskupa mińskiego i pińskiego, kontynuowała naukę i podjęła studia medyczne w Żeńskim Instytucie Medycznym w Sankt Petersburgu. Podczas studiów zastanawiała się nad zmianą ich kierunku, pragnąc poświecić się pracy dydaktycznej. W maju 1914 r. ukończyła z wyróżnieniem studia medyczne. Podczas I wojny światowej pracowała w szpitalu dla chorych zakaźnie w Kijowie. W czerwcu 1918 r. odbyła tam kurs nauczycielski, po czym wyjechała w ślad za rodzicami, do Warszawy, gdzie rozpoczęła pracę w Prywatnej Żeńskiej Szkole Heleny Rzeszotarskiej. Odbyła również kurs dla lekarzy szkolnych. W 1919 r. wstąpiła do Zgromadzenia Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Przybrała imię siostra Ewa od Opatrzności. W kolejnych latach pracowała jako nauczycielka w szkołach Zgromadzenia w Szymanowie, Jazłowcu, Jarosławiu i Słonimie. W latach 1930-1936 była również dyrektorem Seminarium Gospodarczego w Jazłowcu. Przede wszystkim posługiwała jednak jako lekarz zgromadzenia i lekarz szkolny oraz infirmerka w internatach. Udzielała ponadto pomocy medycznej ludziom spoza klasztoru. W czasie II wojny światowej, po wkroczeniu do miasta wojsk Armii Czerwonej, tamtejszy klasztor przeznaczono na szpital dziecięcy, w którym siostra Ewa Noiszewska pracowała do kwietnia 1940 r., do momentu zwolnienia. Po zajęciu Słonima przez władze niemieckie, w lipcu 1941 r., ponownie podjęła pracę w szpitalu, przekształconym na lazaret polowy. Objęła także stanowisko lekarza chorób wewnętrznych w przyszpitalnej przychodni. Udzielała pomocy, wspólnie z siostrą przełożoną – Martą Wołowską – oraz ks. Adamem Sztarkiem, ludności żydowskiej, wiele osób ukrywano na terenie klasztoru, oraz partyzantom. 18 grudnia 1942 r. została aresztowana przez gestapo. W dzień później zginęła od strzału w tył głowy, podczas masowej egzekucji na Górze Pietralewickiej. 13 czerwca 1999 r. została beatyfikowana w grupie 108 męczenników II wojny światowej.
EN
Bogumiła Noiszewska was born on 11 June 1885, in Osaniszki in the province of Vilnius (currently:Belarus) as the daughter of an ophthalmologist – Kazimierz Noiszewski and Maria, nee Andruszkiewicz.She completed the Female Middle School in Tula with honors. In 1902, she joined the Association of the Daughters of Mary under the Care of the Holy Agnes. After completing the high school she wanted to enter the Order, to devote herself to contemplation and work with orphans and the poor people. At instigation of her family, as well as her spiritual tutor – priest Zygmunt Łoziński, a later bishop of Minsk and Pinsk, she continued her education and started her medical studies in the Female Medical Institute in St. Petersburg. During her studies she thought about changing the faculty, since she wanted to devote herself to teaching. In May of 1914, she graduated from the medical university with honors. During World War I, she worked in a hospital for patients with infectious diseases in Kiev. In June of 1918, she attended a teachertraining course there, after which she left in the wake of his parents, to Warsaw, where she began workingin Helena Rzeszotarska Female Private School. She also attended a course for school physicians. In 1919, she entered the Congregation of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. She took the name Sister Eve of Providence. During the following years she worked as a teacher in the schools of the Congregation in Szymanów, Jazłowiec, Jarosław and Słonim. In the years 1930-1936 she was also the director of the Economic Seminar in Jazłowiec. However, above all, she served as a doctor of the congregation and school physician and nurse in boarding houses. Moreover, she gave medical aid to people outside the monastery. During World War II, when the Red Army entered the city, the abbey was dedicated to children’s hospital, where Sister Ewa Noiszewska worked until April 1940. After the occupation of Słonim by the Germans in July 1941, she again undertook a job in a hospital converted into a field hospital. She also took the position of a doctor of internal medicine in the hospital ambulatory. She was providing assistance, together with the head nurse – Marta Wołowska – and the priest Adam Sztartek, to the Jewish population; many people were hidden in the monastery, and the guerrillas. On 18 December 1942 she was arrested by the Gestapo. The day after she died from a shot in the head during a mass execution at Pietralewicka Mountain. On 13 June 1999 she was beatified together with the group of 108 martyrs of World War II.
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