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PL
Wyniki prac archeologicznych na terenach dawnych rzymskich prowincji naddunajskich stworzyły możliwość badań nad ogólnym modelem cyrkulacji monet w prowincjach rzymskich w połowie III w. n.e. Prezentowane opracowanie dotyczy obiegu monet brązowych na terenie prowincji nad dolnym Dunajem. Analiza porównawcza została wykonana na podstawie materiałów z Dacji oraz sąsiednich prowincji. Punktem odniesienia dla danych numizmatycznych są charakterystyczne wydarzenia historyczne, takie jak ewakuacja prowincji Dacji przez rzymską administrację, wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne niepokoje na wskazanych terenach.
EN
Archaeological research into the Roman Danubian provinces forms an interesting basis for studies on general model of coin circulation in Roman provinces in the middle of the 3rd century. The article presents an analysis of bronze coin circulation in the Lower Danube region. From the end of the 1st century until the reign of Valerian I and Gallienus the central imperial mint was in Rome. After 196 the status of these Eastern mints changed from independent mints to that of branches of the Roman mint in Rome. It is generally agreed that from the joint rule of Valerian I and Gallienus onwards, Roman imperial monetary policy moved towards a process of decentralization. From this point of view, the provinces from the Lower Danube, Pannonia, Moesia and Dacia, provide an excellent example. Until the reign of Septimius Severus the coin finds show a similar pattern concerning the coin supply in this area. The mint of Rome has pride of place in coin supply. Other mints represented in the coin finds are the Greek cities, such coins are extremely infrequent low, and they are almost all bronze. The increase in the quantity of silver coinage was followed by a lack of bronze coinage. The low production of bronze denominations issued by the central mint at Rome could have been noted already in the reign of Commodus, especially as regards the lower denominations, the dupondius and as. The coin finds from this area show an even a stronger decrease as regards the frequency of the finds of central bronze denominations for the period of Septimius Severus and his successors. The phenomenon was not something specific only to the Middle and Lower Danube, but also to other parts of the Empire. In the case of Britannia, it has been established that, in fact, there was a shortage of bronze coinage from the central mint during the reign of Septimius Severus. As a consequence of this situation the denominations (the bronze coinage) in which change was given for day-to-day market transactions, is, therefore, is not surprising, and nor the fact that the so-called “emergency-money” is more frequently found in this period. The so-called limesfalsa coins, cast coins of bad quality of bronze alloy and lighter weight than the genuine coins, are more frequently found for the reign of Septimius Severus. If these coins were issued with or without the permission of either central imperial or local authority, or if they are regarded as faked coins is still difficult to stay. Concerning the topic of this study, an interesting aspect occurred during the reigns of Commodus and the first Severans, Septimius and Caracalla. The percentage of Greek civic coins issued in the period 180-218 circulating in the province of Moesia Inferior is extremely high compared to adjacent provinces. Although it has been suggested that this situation is a result of imperial visits in this region, in fact we might here have an example of the monetary and political abilities of the Imperial house.
PL
Podczas prac archeologicznych w Hippos (aramejska Susita) Dekapolis, prowadzonych w latach 2000-2010 zarejestrowano łącznie 885 monet. Na terenie kompleksu „kościoła północno-zachodniego”, polska ekipa odkryła 43 monety datowane od III w. p.n.e. po wiek VIII n.e., tzn. do momentu zniszczenia budowli w 749 r., w efekcie trzęsienia ziemi. Są to monety greckie, rzymskie i bizantyńskie oraz pieniądze arabskie. Do wyjątkowych znalezisk należy solid Herakliusza (610-641) oraz skarb anonimowych felsów umajjadzkich z połowy VIII wieku. Materiał numizmatyczny stanowi podstawę dyskusji na temat sytuacji kulturowej w mieście.
EN
Hippos, also known as Sussita, was located on a hill on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, was one of the cities of Decapolis. Its origins date back to the Hellenistic period, although it is not certain whether its foundation took place during the reign of the Ptolemies or Seleucids in that region. As a Greek city with a small admixture of Jewish population, it was torn by internal ethnic conflicts starting from Hasmonean domination (83-80 BC) until the alliance of Greek population with Romans during the First Jewish War (66-73). Archaeological research in Hippos 2000-2010 uncovered a total of 885 coins. The Polish team working in the NWC complex discovered 43 coins dating from the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. These include 3 Ptolemaic coins, 3 coins of the Seleucids, 1 coin of Tyre from the late 2nd century BC, an anonymous coin minted in Phoenicia in the 1st century AD, a coin of Herod the Great (37-4), 2 Roman provincial coins of the 2nd century, 3 Roman Imperial coins and 2 Arabian from 3rd century. 3 coins were minted by the successors of Constantine I the Great (306-337). Coinage of the Late Roman Empire is represented by 5 pieces. Also found were 2 Byzantine coins, 1 Arab coin of 7th or 8th centuries, and 14 Umayyad coins. This numismatic material has been briefly described, arranged in chronological groups.
PL
W XIV i XV wieku dla Wołynia i Podola kontakty handlowe z Zakonem Krzyżackim, włączając miasto Toruń, były działaniem naturalnym. Związki te wpłynęły na obieg monetarny na wspomnianych terenach, czego świadectwem jest obecność pieniądz zakonu krzyżackiego. We wrześniu 2014 r. w Nizhinsky region, Tschernikhov oblast znaleziono skarb, w którym były monety Wielkiego Mistrza Michała Kuhmeistra von Sternberg i półgrosze Władysława Jagiełły. Do rąk autora publikacji dotarły monety krzyżackie, które opisane zostały w artykule.
EN
In the 14th and 15th centuries the trading contacts of Volhynia and Podolia with the Teutonic Order ran through the city of Toruń, which was perfectly natural. Those contacts had an influence on the circulation of coinage in the two territories named above, which is attested to by the presence of coins of the Teutonic Order. In September 2014 in the Nizhinsky region, Tschernikhov oblast, was found a hoard in which were coins struck by the Grand Master Michael Kuhmeistra von Sternberg and a half-groschen of Władysław Jagiełło. The coins of the Order, which are described in this article, passed through the hands of the author.
RU
ля українсько-руських земель, особливо Волині та Поділля в XIV-XV ст. торгівельні зв’язки із містами держави Тевтонського Ордену в Прусії, зокрема, м. Торунем були традиційними. Торгівельні вза- ємини забезпечували появу на грошовий ринок українських земель орденських монет і їхнє поширення навіть за традиційні ареали розповсюдження. У березні 2014 р. у Ніжинському районі Чернігівської області був зна- йдений монетний комплекс (гаманець) до складу якого входило сім дореформених шилінгів Великого магістра Міхаеля Кюхмайстер фон Штернберга та коронний квартник (півгріш) Владислава Ягайла.
EN
In 2016 near the south-eastern edge of the Bosporan city Gorgippia (modern Anapa) a plot of 250 sq. m was excavated for the construction of a pool. In the course of investigations an urban district dating from the mid 4th century BC to 240 AD was opened. In it were discovered 113 coins, of which 109 proved to be identifiable. In the chronological breakdown of the material the following picture emerges: the second half of 4th century BC – 14 examples, 3rd century BC – 68 examples, 2nd century BC – 6 examples, 1st century BC – 4 examples, 1st century AD – 12 examples, 2nd century AD – 2 examples, the first half of the 3rd century AD – 3 examples. The greatest number of the lost coins can be dated to the first half of the 3rd century AD – 51 examples. The investigated plot is a usual urban area; therefore the finds adequately reflect the financial and economic situation in the polis during these periods.
PL
W 2016 roku, na południowo-wschodnich krańcach antycznego bosporańskiego miasta Gorgippia (współcześnie Anapa), przeprowadzono badania wykopaliskowe (w związku z planowaną budową basenu), które objęły obszar 250 m2 . Odsłonięto pozostałości zabudowy datowane od połowy IV w. p.n.e. po około 240 r. n.e. Wydobyto 113 monet, z których określono 109. Spośród nich 14 egzemplarzy pochodzi z drugiej połowy IV w. p.n.e., 68 monet powstało w III w. p.n.e., w II w. p.n.e. zaś 6. Z I w. p.n.e. pochodzą 4 sztuki. Na I wiek n.e. datowanych jest 12 monet, na II w. 2 a 3 egzemplarze pochodzą z pierwszej połowy III stulecia.
RU
В 2016 году рядом с юго-восточной окраиной боспорского города Горгиппии (современная Анапа) был раскопан участок площадью 250 кв. м, предназначенный для строительства бассейна. В ходе ис- следования этого района городской застройки середины IV в. до н. э. – 240 г. н.э. было обнаружено 113 монет, из которых удалось определить 109 экземпляров. Распределение полученного нумизматического материала по столетиям дает следующую картину: вторая половина IV в. до н. э. – 14 экз., III в. до н. э. – 68 экз., II в. до н. э. – 6 экз., I в. до н. э. – 4 экз., I в. н. э. – 12 экз., II в. н. э. – 2 экз., в первой трети III в. н.э. – 3 экз. Наибольшее ко- личество утерянных монет относится к первой половине III в. н.э. – 51 экз. Исследуемый участок представляет собой обычную городскую площадь, поэтому находит адекватного отражения в финансовой и экономической ситуации в полис в течение этих периодов.
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