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PL
There is a common opinion that a researcher cannot be entirely objective. Although they can keep a semantic neutrality, their identity and social environment make it impossible to maintain this neutrality in the practice. The author tries to prove that this neutrality is impossible as well because every scientist chooses their own philosophy of language. The author shows examples of certain statements of sociology of religion confronted with three positivist requirements and ways in which the choice can influence the interpretation. We can translate the statements to become compatible with the requirements of the language but every translation is subject to risk of losing the depth, the root of thinker’s intention. Since there are many opposite views on philosophy of language a need arises to develop a sociological thought concerning thisaspect of their work.
EN
Racism cannot be ousted by external social manipulations without philosophical reflection on distinguishing between the structure of this phenomenon and the possibilities of its cultural overcoming. This essay analyzes Russian traveler Nicolai MiklouhoMaclay’s heroic struggle against racism. His nap on the outskirts of a Papuan village is presented as an existential act of throwing off any objectivities of one’s personal “I” in an effort to overcome racist insanity using a universal dialogue between accepting each other as equals. As a xenophobic obstacle to a dialogue with the Other, racism generates a global demarcation of humanity that passes through the subjective core of each person’s identity. It is this subjectivity that should be brought to its utmost flexibility for the sake of a dialogue with the Other. The vanishing objectivity of the “I,” according to Karl Jaspers, can be defined as energeticism. It is the strife for achieving the universal “I” which is indefinite but still IS there.
EN
Heinz Piontek and Christa Wolf before the turnaround. A comparative study. The article is a comparative study. The aims of the study is to analyze the essays written by Heinz Piontek and Christa Wolf before the turnaround, mainly in the 1970’, and to discuss the similarities and differences between them. We can notice some points of contact in their literary work. Similar motives in similar constellations appear in both essays writing. Although they worked in different regimes, the same themes and literary tendencies are described by both of them, and some phenomenons are being similar assessed.
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