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1984
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vol. 31
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issue 1
19-30
PL
Der Text Gen 1, 26-27 über den Menschen als „Bild Gottes” tritt ausser im Buch Genesis auch in anderen Texten des Alten Testaments auf (Sir 17, 1-4; Weish 2, 23; 7, 26). In der Fassung des Buches Genesis ist der Mensch das Bild Gottes durch seine Macht über die Welt der Schöpfung, welche ihm von Gott verliehen wurde. Die anderen Texte fügen hier den Gedanken hinzu, dass der Mensch das Bild Gottes durch seine geistige Ausstattung ist. Der Mensch ist gerade als geistiges, freies und verantwortliches Wesen das Bild Gottes. Aus der so begriffenen Idee des „Bildes Gottes” ergibt sich die ganze Würde der menschlichen Person, des einzigen Wesens, das Gott seiner selbst wegen gewollt hat.
EN
Based on the study of the Greek Fathers, anthropology of the Eastern Church does not focused either on sin, nor the nature of the fallen and a saving grace, but deification of man. The idea of deification is the main and most important feature, which permeates the eastern anthropology from beginning to end. Creation of man the image of God was to his deification, that is, participation in the realities of belonging to the order of the existence of God. Deification is the ultimate goal of created beings, full implementation of the likeness of God. As a result, Orthodox anthropology image of God is both anthropology deification, theological anthropology. Its development has contributed to specifically Russian religious thought nineteenth and early twentieth century. Since man was created in the image and likeness of the Triune God.
Polonia Sacra
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 4
EN
The addressee of the biblical texts speaking of Adam’s sin and its consequences for humanity, are the people living already under its influence. In the beginning the Revelation sets the perspective of the Redemption of man afflicted with original sin. Precisely speaking, such perspective is the key to interpretation of the revealed reality. The prospect of Redemption leads to Christ. Through Adam’s sin human nature was deprived of sanctifying grace, and certain gifts involved the original state. Man still is the image and likeness of God, original sin however limits its clarity of that fundamental attribute of humanity created by God, and it puts man on the waiting road for the coming of his Redeemer. The Christian concept of death is not limited merely to its inevitability and universality, and to strict relationship with sin and disobedience. Christ shed new light on its mystery. In that light death appears to be an instrument of salvation, and a commitment to life as the execution of the will of God in the name of obedience. Human nature determines the “order of creation” and it forms close relationship with the reality of the image of God. That “Trinitarian understanding” of His image involves a category of gift, by which man and woman become one in communio personarum. The original sin has not destroyed that structure. The history of man and woman is a record of the saving completion of “spousal” meaning of the human body. The principle of that record is the image of God in man, and its depth affects the secrets of the human heart.
PL
Adresatami tekstów biblijnych mówiących o grzechu Adama i jego skutkach dla całej ludzkości są ludzie żyjący już pod jego wpływem. Od początku objawienie wyznacza perspektywę odkupienia dla człowieka dotkniętego grzechem pierworodnym. Właśnie ta perspektywa jest kluczem interpretacyjnym objawionej rzeczywistości. Perspektywa odkupienia prowadzi do Chrystusa. Przez grzech Adama ludzka natura została pozbawiona łaski uświęcającej oraz pewnych darów wiążących się ze stanem pierwotnym. Człowiek wciąż jest obrazem Boga i jest do Niego podobny, ale grzech pierworodny ogranicza wyrazistość tej fundamentalnej właściwości ludzkości stworzone przez Boga, a człowieka stawia na drodze oczekiwania na przyjście jego Odkupiciela. Chrześcijańska koncepcja śmierci nie ogranicza się jedynie do jej nieuchronności i powszechności oraz ścisłego związku z grzechem i nieposłuszeństwem. Chrystus rzucił nowe światło na jej tajemnicę. W świetle tym śmierć jawi się jako narzędzie zbawienia, a oddanie życia jako wykonanie Bożej woli w imię posłuszeństwa. Natura człowieka jest wyznacznikiem „porządku stworzenia” i tworzy ścisły związek z rzeczywistością Bożego obrazu. Z jego „trynitarnym rozumieniem” wiąże się kategoria daru, poprzez który mężczyzna i kobieta w communio personarum stają się jednością. Grzech pierworodny nie zniszczył tego układu. Historia mężczyzny i kobiety jest zapisem zbawczego dopełniania się „oblubieńczego” znaczenia ludzkiego ciała. Podstawą tego zapisu jest obraz Boży w człowieku, a jego głębia dotyka tajników ludzkiego serca.
4
63%
EN
Origen was one of the greatest biblical scholars of the early Church, having written commentaries on most of the books of the Bible. He recognized great au­thority of the scripture. In anthropology he gave attention to the text of saint Paul: “May the God who gives us peace make you holy in every way and keep your whole being – spirit, soul, and body – free from every fault at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ” (1Thess 5:23). According to this text Origen recognized in hu­man being three elements. He tried to unite trichotomy with a concept of division of human being into two parts: interior and exterior man. Spirit in this concept is soul’s teacher and a special form of participation in the divine being. In a sense spirit is ontological image of God in man and for man it is impossible to lose it. Soul is the center of man in which he makes decisions. Soul was originally cre­ated in close proximity to God, with the intention that it should explore the divine mysteries in a state of endless contemplation. The body unites man with the whole created world and gives him material aspect. Origen’s anthropology is very com­plicated but more dynamic then static division on body and soul. If the soul is go­ing to spirit, it become more spiritual, otherwise if the soul is close to the body, it become more materialistic. In this view without any doubt the human soul is posed between spirit and body and is able to acquiesce the desires of spirit but is able to let itself to be led by carnal desires, too. According to Origen man is body, because is creature, which dies, but through the body is able to communicate with mate­rial world. Man is soul because lives and is able to choose. Man is spirit because is open to God and is able to recognize and love God. Trichotomic anthropology shows that ontological and moral aspects of human being permeate each other and it demonstrates the interior drama and struggle, which always exists in man.
EN
The mystery of human being as a creature of God has been explored by many generations of philosophers and theologians. This article is an attempt to analyze of the some aspects of anthropological thought of famous contemporary Greek thinker – Christos Yannaras. The starting point is a depiction of the creation of human being as an act of God. His love constitutes man as an existential event of personal communion and relationship and a partaker in the freedom of love which is true life. The second part of the article relates to the issue of God’s image in human being. The Greek Fathers interpreted the image of God in humanity trying to avoid dualistic and monistic conceptual definitions. The patristic interpretation sums up the truth of the words “in the image” in the triadic character of personal energies (mind, reason, spirit) or in the “sovereignty” and “self- determination” which sum up the ontological differentiation of the person with regard to nature. The distinction between the sexes, namely the differentiation of man and woman, in relation to the image of God has been examined in the third part of the article. From the biblical narrative of man’s creation follows that man should realize life as communion with the other sex and it is the way for human life to be constituted in new personal hypostases and to have dominion over the earth (Gen 1:28). The distinction of sexes does not function in man as it functions in the animals where it is exclusively subordinate to the natural necessity of propagation. The distinction of the sexes has its foundation in human nature, but it is not identical with this nature, just as it is not to be identified even with the hypostasis of man. How to understand the reality of soul from the Christian point of view? Some possible answers for this question are presented in the four part of the article. There are many meanings of the word soul in the Bible and in Christian literature. The soul it is often identified in the Old Testament with the manifestation of life on earth, while in the New Testament it appears also as a bearer of eternal life. Today what we call soul is a dynamically effected event, a complex of ceaselessly effected functions which reveal and express the living existence of man. For these functions we use various names: we speak of reason, imagination, judgment, creativity, ability to love, etc. The final part of the article shows relations between soul and body. Yannaras underlines that soul and body do not determine the mode by which the human person is, but are determined and marked as differentiations of the result of natural energy, that is of the universal-ecstatic reference of the bicomposite essence or nature. Both the body and the soul are energies of human nature. What each specific man is, this inmost I which constitutes him as an existential event, is identified neither with the body nor the soul. The distinction between soul and body refers to the semantic differentiation of the result of natural energy and does not refer to the mode by which humanity is as nature and person.
Teologia w Polsce
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2020
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vol. 14
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issue 1
169-184
PL
Prezentowany artykuł jest owocem refleksji teologicznych nad tematyką życia. Fenomen życia jawi się na wielu płaszczyznach, często jednak do końca nie można go zdefiniować, gdyż jest tajemnicą. Autorka artykułu, opierając się na prawdzie, że człowiekjest jednością biologiczno-psychiczno-duchową, interpretuje te sfery. Podąża za myślą św. Bonawentury i określa je mianem vestigium, umbra oraz imago Dei. Szczegółowej analizie poddaje zagadnienie życia duchowego w kategorii Imago Dei, przez co korzystającz dziedzin pozateologicznych, próbuje odpowiedzieć na nasuwające się pytania: czy tylko w człowieku istnieje otwartość na transcendencję, co znaczy być obrazem Boga i w jaki sposób osiągnąć pełnię życia. Sfera bios, psyche i zoe w osobie ludzkiej wzajemniesię przenikają, lecz to życie duchowe przewyższa poprzednie dwie płaszczyzny, przez co odróżnia człowieka od innych stworzeń oraz nadaje mu wyjątkowy charakter. Bóg w swej dobroci i wolności udziela człowiekowi życia, stwarza go jako istotę wolnąi na swój obraz. Jednakże doskonałym Obrazem Ojca jest Jezus Chrystus. We wcieleniu ukazał nam pełnię człowieczeństwa i dzięki naśladowaniu i zjednoczeniu z Chrystusem człowiek może upodabniać się do obrazu Boga, by ostatecznie uzyskać pełnię udziału wewspólnocie z Bogiem Trójjedynym.
EN
This article is the result of theological research on the subject of life. The phenomenon of life is multifaceted, but often it cannot be defined because it is a mystery. The author of the article, based on the truth that man is a biological-psycho-spiritual unity, interprets these spheres in the key of St. Bonaventure’s idea, describes them as vestigium, umbra, and imago Dei. The issue of spiritual life in the category of Imago Dei is analyzed in detail. The author tries to answer the questions that arise by using not only theological fields: or is there an openness to transcendence only in a man? What does it mean to be an image of God? How to achieve a full life? The sphere of bios, psyche, and zoe in the human person are permeating each other, but this spiritual life transcends the previous two planes. This distinguishes man from other creatures and gives him a unique character. God, in His goodness and freedom, grants man life, creates him as a free being and in His image. But the perfect image of the Father is Jesus Christ. In His Incarnation, He showed us the fullness of humanity and through imitation and union with Christ, man can become conformed to the image of God. In this way, it is finally possible to obtain full participation in the communion with God in the Holy Trinity.
7
38%
EN
The series of the eight homilies on Genesis written by John Chrysostom include many clues to why the article was chosen. It is considered on the grounds that it is leitmotiv. It is the clue of the order of beings – settled at the moment of creation, spoiled by sin, looked to be restored by human effort and fully realized in Christ. This order, which consists on the different relations, is shown as the important point of interest in the examination of the others clues. We are referring to the dignity of the man created in God’s image as well as similitude; the system of the dependencies between the beings; the significance of the sin of the people at the beginning and other sins; the idea in which God loves man; the salvation and the reward of the Kingdom of Heaven. This article tends also to show, how Chrysostom looks to help his followers during their meeting Christ, in the way of the studying the Scrip- ture, of dogmas and of the life, which should be coherent to the Scripture.
Teologia w Polsce
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2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
205-224
PL
W nauce o dwóch Adamach kryją się treści ważne dla wielu traktatów teologicznych. Biblijna typologia ukazuje również konieczność uwzględniania wzajemnej więzi między nimi. W tym sensie Pawłowy paralelizm wzywa do uprawiania teologii integralnej, która poszczególne prawdy wiary widzi w łączności oraz wyprowadza z całości Objawienia.
EN
The Christological dogma points out the mutual relation between Christology and anthropology. An anthropological element of Christology can be derived from the biblical teaching on two Adams. Having considered the documents of the International Theological Commission, which mention the Adam-Christ typology, the author draws conclusions that are also true regarding other theological treatises and correlation between them, namely, protology, anthropology, Christology, soteriology and eschatology. The article also shows how the First Adam and the Second Adam infl uence the history of a single man, as well as the whole humanity. An antitype and type may be considered two determinantsm that infl uence the history of the old and new mankind.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
205-224
EN
The Christological dogma points out the mutual relation between Christology and anthropology. An anthropological element of Christology can be derived from the biblical teaching on two Adams. Having considered the documents of the International Theological Commission, which mention the Adam-Christ typology, the author draws conclusions that are also true regarding other theological treatises and correlation between them, namely, protology, anthropology, Christology, soteriology and eschatology. The article also shows how the First Adam and the Second Adam in fluence the history of a single man, as well as the whole humanity. An antitype and type may be considered two determinants that influence the history of the old and new mankind.
PL
W nauce o dwóch Adamach kryją się treści ważne dla wielu traktatów teologicznych. Biblijna typologia ukazuje również konieczność uwzględniania wzajemnej więzi między nimi. W tym sensie Pawłowy paralelizm wzywa do uprawiania teologii integralnej, która poszczególne prawdy wiary widzi w łączności oraz wyprowadza z całości Objawienia.
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