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1

Cmentarz w chrześcijańskiej przestrzeni średniowiecza

100%

Rębkowski M.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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vol. 60

191-196

EN

One of the main features of the Christian funeral rite in the Middle Ages is supposed to have been a specific location of the graveyards. The paper aims to analyse how the problem of a choice and a location of burial space was presented in Rationale divinorum officiorum written by bishop Wiliam Durand of Mende in the end of the 13th century. The work was the most famous and most complete medieval handbook of Christian liturgy, containing the explanation of all the rites related to the Christian worship. According to Rationale the space was not homogenous. By means of rite of consecration a Bishop was able to delimit holy places („loca sacra”) where the God’s activity could be manifested in a special way. One of such places was also “locus religiosus” which was the space assigned for burying dead body of Christians and usually named cemetery. What is of special importance, there was expected a spatial unity of the cemetery with a church. As we know, the above norm has originated already in the 4th century. However, it can be supposed that the handbook allowed in the extraordinary situation a church and a cemetery were distant each other. To bury a body of dead Christian beyond the consecrated cemetery was allowed only in exceptional cases. The author defined in some way also the space of the Christian grave itself. Dead body was to be laid with a head turned towards West and feet towards East which means the position following the orientation of a church. It is well known, that this habit has also originated in the 4th century. Interesting conclusions may be drawn by a comparison of the contents of Rationale t o t he r esults of a rchaeological research on different peoples of the former Barbaricum Christianized in the early Middle Ages. Almost everywhere in the beginning there was visible two-way development in the location of inhumation cemeteries. Apart from the cemeteries situated just nearby churches there were also graveyards located without any spatial relation to a church. However, the latter have also some features typical for the Christian funeral requirements like for example the westeast orientation of bodies which resulted in row layout of the whole cemetery. The functioning of only one designated space for burying the dead, which means the final unification of burial customs, was taken over by churchyards c. 100-150 years after the Christianization.

2

Późnobrązowe cmentarzyska kurhanowe w Dolicach na Pomorzu Zachodnim ‒ podsumowanie wyników badań

84%

Kaczmarek M.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2018

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vol. Tom XXVII

s. 139-162

EN

The article summarises the results of study of archaeological materials from excavations carried out in the years 1976-1989 on two burial mound cemeteries from the late Bronze Age in Dolice, Stargard district, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The first of the necropolises, marked as site 30, is situated on a hilly, upper part of a moraine height, in the immediate vicinity of the Mała Ina River valley. About 20 burial mounds in earthen and stone construction were registered here, reaching a diameter of 4 to 16 m at the circular base. The graves stretch in a strip, in at least three perceptible clusters. Only two of them were excavated (Fig. 3). A much wider second Dolice cemetery, marked as site 40, was located on a gentle slope of a moraine elevation, occupying an area of about 1.5 ha. About 80 graves, characterised by varying diameters, ranging from 3 to 25 m, are located along the NW – SE axis at 400 m long section. Seven of them and 63 flat graves occurring in the spaces between the burial mounds were excavated (Fig. 4). Recognised to a small extent burial mounds in Dolice are very important for the research on burial rites in the late Bronze Age in West Pomerania, because they are the best-studied funeral sites from this part of the prehistory in the region. On the necropolis Dolice 40 relics of very interesting sepulchral architecture were unearthen, which is characterised by diversity of internal structures of mounds (boxes, stone cores, corridor leading to the burial chamber), as well as the presence of flat stone cist graves in the spaces between them in the form of miniaturised circles. They are accompanied by practices of intentional destruction of burial furnishing (breaking of vessels) and shredding of cremated human bones, scattered in mounds in the form of layered burials with no urns. These phenomena, unheard of in general and alien in the neighbouring Lubusz-Greater Poland environment of the Lusatian urnfields, and also recorded in other parts of Pomerania, require a broader analytical and comparative study using sources from trans-Odra River areas (Vorpommern, Mecklenburg, North Brandenburg) and then from the Danish islands, Jutland, Skåne and the Baltic Islands (Bornholm, Gotland, Öland).

PL

W artykule podsumowano wyniki opracowania materiałów archeologicznych pochodzących z badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych w latach 1976-1989 na dwóch cmentarzyskach kurhanowych z późnej epoki brązu w Dolicach, pow. stargardzki, woj. zachodniopomorskie. Pierwsza z nekropoli, oznaczona jako stanowisko 30, usytuowana jest na pagórkowatej, górnej części garbu wzniesienia morenowego, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie doliny Małej Iny. Zarejestrowano tutaj około 20 kurhanów o kamienno-ziemnej konstrukcji nasypu, osiągających u kolistej podstawy średnicę od 4 do 16 m. Mogiły ciągną się pasem, w co najmniej trzech czytelnych skupiskach. Wykopaliskowo zbadano tylko dwie (ryc. 3). Znacznie rozleglejsze drugie cmentarzysko dolickie, zaszeregowane pod numerem 40, zostało posadowione na łagodnym stoku wzniesienia morenowego, zajmując powierzchnię około 1,5 ha. Na zorientowanym według osi NW – SE odcinku o długości 400 m leży około 80 mogił, charakteryzujących się zróżnicowaną średnicą nasypów, sięgającą od 3 do 25 m. Wykopaliskowo zbadano 7 z nich oraz 63 groby płaskie występujące w przestrzeniach między mogiłami (ryc. 4). Rozpoznane w niewielkim stopniu cmentarzyska kurhanowe w Dolicach mają bardzo duże znaczenie dla studiów nad obrządkiem pogrzebowym z późnej epoki brązu na Pomorzu Zachodnim, są bowiem najlepiej zbadanymi stanowiskami funeralnymi z tego odcinka pradziejów w regionie. Na nekropoli Dolice 40 ujawniono relikty bardzo interesującej architektury sepulkralnej, którą cechuje zróżnicowanie wewnętrznych konstrukcji kurhanów (skrzynie, jądra kamienne, korytarz prowadzący do komory grobowej), a także obecność w przestrzeniach między nimi płaskich grobów w obstawach kamiennych o formie zminiaturyzowanych wieńców. Towarzyszą im praktyki intencjonalnego niszczenia inwentarza grobowego (rozbijanie naczyń) oraz rozdrabniania skremowanych kości ludzkich, rozsypywanych w kurhanach w postaci bezpopielnicowych pochówków warstwowych. Zjawiska te, w ogóle niespotykane i obce w sąsiednim, lubusko-wielkopolskim środowisku łużyckich pól popielnicowych, a odnotowane również w innych częściach Pomorza, wymagają podjęcia szerszych studiów analityczno-porównawczych z wykorzystaniem źródeł pochodzących z obszarów zaodrzańskich (Pomorze Przednie, Meklemburgia, północna Brandenburgia), a w dalszej kolejności z wysp duńskich, Jutlandii, Skanii oraz wysp bałtyckich (Bornholm, Gotlandia, Olandia).

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W środku paradnej tarczy. Ciekawy grób z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Czersku, pow. piaseczyński

84%

Czarnecka K.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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vol. 60

35-44

EN

An urn grave 93 from cemetery of the Przeworsk culture was furnished with opulent set of arms: a sword, two spearheads and shield fittings, all ritually destroyed according to burial custom of the Przeworsk culture. A shield-boss, of type Jahn 7, has broken spike. Bronze rivets, coated with silver sheet are flattened. Inside the boss were stored small objects, a not rare phenomenon in the Przeworsk culture. A shield grip, of type Jahn 8, has rectangular bronze plates covered with thin layer of silver, with small silver studs, and decorative rosettes. Crests separating rivet plates from a handle are covered with silver sheet, and decorated with filigree plait. A big number of iron U-shaped edge mountings, elaborately destroyed, allows a cautious reconstruction of a shield-form – it should be rectangular/oval. An evidence, that shields of such shape were used in the Przeworsk culture, could be finds of miniature shields (e.g. Siemiechów, grave 46). Some analogies are also outside the Przeworsk culture, e.g. preserved in situ shield from grave 19 in Hunn, Norway. Grave 93 is dated to phase B2 of the Roman Period. All finds have no traces of fire, so they weren’t put on the pyre but were deposited directly in grave pit. A shield was disfigured. Edge mountings were irregularly dispersed in grave pit, some pieces were inside shield boss. They must be torn away from the shield planks. A shield boss was deposited more then 40 cm apart from the grip. The urn were placed in the middle.

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Zwierzęta w ciałopalnym obrządku pogrzebowym Słowian na przykładzie znalezisk z obszaru dzisiejszej Polski

84%

Miechowicz Ł.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2023

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issue 3(38)

13-67

EN

The article concerns the issues of finds of animal remains in early medieval cremation burials, identified with the Slavs, in today’s Poland. Finds of animal remains discovered in 134 burials in 37 cemeteries have been analysed.

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Uwagi na temat obrządku pogrzebowego grupy olsztyńskiej na przykładzie cmentarzyska w Kosewie, pow. mrągowski (dawn. Kossewen, Kreis Sensburg)

84%

Rudnicki M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2015

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issue 30

137-170

EN

The cemetery in Kosewo (former Kossewen, Kr. Sensburg; from 1938, Rechenberg) is one of the largest known necropolises dated to the Roman and Migration Periods found in the Mazurian Lakeland. The site was accidentally discovered during the construction works of the road linking Mrągowo with Mikołajki in 1887. Even though a large numer of features was discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo, only single finds or assemblages from that site have been published. At the cemetery in Kosewo there were pit and urn burials. The pit burials contained, besides the remains of the deceased, also the remains of the pyre. The predominant burial type were urn graves. Among the 728 recorded burials the majority were urn graves, amounting to 611. It seems justifiable to assume that in the Olsztyn group the urn graves were generally predominant, with some local departures from the custom. We may also say that the graves from the late Migration Period were deposited closer to the Surface than the ones from the Roman Period. This phenomenon has been also recorded at the other cemeteries of the Olsztyn Group. In the eastern part of the area settled by the Olsztyn Group, in which the Kosewo cemeteries are located, the burial grounds were usually made in the same places as the necropolises of the Bogaczewo culture. Large cemeteries used only in the Late Migration Period are exceptional. Graves from Phase E usually did not disturb the earlier burials, but at the cemetery in Kosewo this happened quite often. Basing on the research conducted so far it is possible to state that the graves from the Olsztyn Group were usually located in separate clusters located away from the graves from the Roman Period or only slightly overlapping with them. In the urn graves of the Olsztyn Group the urns are sometimes covered with overturned bowl- or plate-shaped vessels, or beakers with hollow stems. No stone linings, pavements, or cist graves have been registered. Also no horse graves, which can be found in Mazuria of the Roman and Migration Periods, have been discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo. The cemetery yielded some finds of weapons in the assemblages dated to Phase E. The decline of the Olsztyn Group is connected with the disappearance of archaeologically recordable burial rites. The change of the form of the burial rite probably did not concern cremation, which is recorded for the Prussian tribes from the Early Middle Ages. The change of the burial rites probably consisted in the introduction of a different form of deposition of the burials. Also at the cemetery in Kosewo no materials later than the 7th century have been recorded. The necropolis may have been abandoned or the way of depositing the burials was changed. The question about the final stages of use of the Olsztyn Group cemeteries may be answered by further investigations.

PL

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Przedstawienia jeźdźców i wojowników na urnach kultury pomorskiej jako świadectwo igrzysk pogrzebowych – próba interpretacji wybranych scen narracyjnych

67%

Wojtecki J.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2020

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vol. Tom XXIX

s. 25-38

EN

Amongst urns associated with the Pomorska culture there is a small number of those with representations of carts, mounted steeds, horses and footsoldiers. Those atypical representations made on items of huge eschatological significance seem to play an important role in their makers’ religious system. Some of narrative scenes shown on them suggest, that they are images of funeral games – horse, cart or foot races and fight competitions, which we know from historical and literary sources describing various Indo-European societies. It shows, that similar rituals were propably performed by people of the Pomorska culture. By putting their images on urns used in funeral, their makers, people with mythical perception of reality implemented their effects without performing them in physical way.

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Die Beziehungen der Lutizen im Ostseeraum (10.–12. jahrhundert)

67%

Biermann F.

Studia Maritima

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2019

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vol. 32

29-43

DE

Für die Wirtschaft und die sozialen Verhältnisse der Nordwestslawen waren die Beziehungen im Ostseeraum von großer Bedeutung, insbesondere jene nach Skandinavien. Diese Kontakte entwickelten sich bereits seit dem 8. Jahrhundert. Herausragende materielle Zeugen der Verbindungen mit dem Norden kennen wir aber namentlich aus dem Gebiet des lutizischen Stammesverbandes (spätes 10.–12. Jahrhundert), dessen kriegerische Eliten sich auch in ihrem Habitus in vieler Hinsicht nach Norden orientierten. Das über lange Zeit erfolgreiche Agieren der Lutizen basierte durchaus maßgeblich auf einer wirtschaftlichen Blüte, die sich aus der Integration der slawischen Küstengebiete in die florierende Ostsee-Handelszone ergab. Auch unmittelbare Impulse aus dem Norden und enge Beziehungen zwischen den einander ähnlichen Kriegergesellschaften nördlich und südlich der Ostsee wirkten sich dabei aus. Es gab sowohl friedliche als auch kriegerische Begegnungen. Die Expansion des dänischen Reiches im 12. Jahrhundert trug schließlich zum Untergang der letzten noch unabhängigen slawischen Stammesgebiete bei. Hier werden die nördlichen Verbindungen der Lutizen mit einem archäologischen Fokus besprochen, insbesondere unter Bezug auf Für Für die Wirtschaft und die sozialen Verhältnisse der Nordwestslawen waren die Beziehungen im Ostseeraum von großer Bedeutung, insbesondere jene nach Skandinavien. Diese Kontakte entwickelten sich bereits seit dem 8. Jahrhundert. Herausragende materielle Zeugen der Verbindungen mit dem Norden kennen wir aber namentlich aus dem Gebiet des lutizischen Stammesverbandes (spätes 10.–12. Jahrhundert), dessen kriegerische Eliten sich auch in ihrem Habitus in vieler Hinsicht nach Norden orientierten. Das über lange Zeit erfolgreiche Agieren der Lutizen basierte durchaus maßgeblich auf einer wirtschaftlichen Blüte, die sich aus der Integration der slawischen Küstengebiete in die florierende Ostsee-Handelszone ergab. Auch unmittelbare Impulse aus dem Norden und enge Beziehungen zwischen den einander ähnlichen Kriegergesellschaften nördlich und südlich der Ostsee wirkten sich dabei aus. Es gab sowohl friedliche als auch kriegerische Begegnungen. Die Expansion des dänischen Reiches im 12. Jahrhundert trug schließlich zum Untergang der letzten noch unabhängigen slawischen Stammesgebiete bei. Hier werden die nördlichen Verbindungen der Lutizen mit einem archäologischen Fokus besprochen, insbesondere unter Bezug auf jüngere Ergebnisse der Detektor-Archäologie, auf Eliten- und Bootsgräber.

EN

The contacts in the Baltic, mainly to Scandinavia, were vitally important for the economy and social affairs of the northern Slavs since the 8th century. In the territory of the Lutician tribal league (late 10th–12th century) we observe outstanding material witnesses of the contacts with the north, with relevance above all for the habitus of the warlike élites of these last independent tribal areas. The successful activity of the Lutician league based on an economic blossom, stimulated significantly by flourishing Baltic Sea trade zone, but was also affected by northern impulses and strong contacts between warrior societies at both shores of the Baltic Sea. There were peaceful as well as warlike contacts, and the expansion of the Danish Empire in the 12th century contributed, finally, to Lutician doom. Here are discussed the northern connections of the Luticians with an archaeological focus, beneath else concerning archaeological single findings, élite and boat graves.

PL

Kontakty w rejonie Bałtyku, głównie ze Skandynawią, były niezwykle istotne dla ekonomicznych i społecznych relacji Słowian północnych od VIII w. Na obszarze lucickiego związku plemiennego (późny X–XII w.) obserwujemy wybitny materiał świadczący o kontaktach z Północą, ważny przede wszystkim dla habitusu wojennych elit tego ostatniego niezależnego obszaru plemiennego. Odnosząca sukces działalność Związku Lucickiego oparta była na rozkwicie ekonomicznym stymulowanym przez rozwój strefy handlu nad Bałtykiem, ale wpływały na nią też impulsy z północy i silne kontakty między środowiskami wojowników z obu brzegów Bałtyku. Pokojowe oraz wojenne relacje, jak również ekspansja imperium duńskiego w XII w. doprowadziły ostatecznie do upadku Luciców. W artykule są dyskutowane północne koneksje Luciców przez pryzmat archeologii, skupiając się na pojedynczych znaleziskach, pochówkach elitarnych i łodziowych.

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