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PL
Nuptial ceremony literature, created on the occasion of weddings, constitutes an interesting source for the research into the mentality of the 17th and 18th century people. Nuptial literature was characterized by a great diversity of forms and styles. A literary term connected with this sort of ephemeral creations is epithalamium, a form of superordinate function with respect to all other literary forms  produced on the occasion of a wedding, such as speeches and toasts. Occasional literature not only shows the grandeur of the  Old-Polish wedding ceremony, but is also a source for the research into the history of family. From the countless praises included in epithal mia or wedding speeches, an image of a perfect woman can be retrieved. The analysis of wedding poetry allows a reconstruction of the role models of a maiden, a wife and a mother. Those images were obviously idealistic visions, which often reflected the unattainable,  yet they reveal the  preferences concerning woman's appearance or character.
EN
The article is devoted to a morally sensitive topic, created by situations which did not lead to a marriage, but ended up with a discrediting separation. It analyses socially accepted, although often false reasons for splitting up, treated as shameful and without approbation, frequently hidden under suggested excuses provided by savoir–vivre books. It also compares, in this case, the position of women and men, reflecting on the attempt to protect the reputation of a young lady with a fixed social convention. Particularly interesting seem to be the texts that refer to authentic biographical material, which were read by the contemporary readers as the violating moral taboos “novel with a key”. Novels of manners are the basis for reflection, such as created by Bolesław Prus ("The Doll", "The New Woman"), Maria Rodziewiczówna ("Między ustami a brzegiem pucharu", 'Kądziel"), Henryk Sienkiewicz ("Without Dogma", "Children of the Soil"), Sewer ("Bajecznie kolorowa"), and Kazimierz Przerwa–Tetmajer ("Anioł śmierci"), but also a message of memoirs of the age (Anna Skarbek–Sokołowska, Magdalena Samozwaniec, Tadeusz Boy–Żeleński, and others).
EN
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski is most notably known as a history enthusiast; however, he was also a knowledgeable observer of 18th century customs and the everyday life of certain social groups. One has grounds to say that the period in which he lived – namely the Saxons era, in which people led colorful social lives – was conducive to his interest. Also, the writer’s personal experiences are not without significance, especially his childhood and stay in Romanów, where Kraszewski familiarized himself with the rules of etiquette by which the gentry abode. Yet another interest that contributed to the accurate description of 18th century customs was the fact that the writer was a bibliophile. Looking through the Dresden archives, Kraszewski got a clear picture of the life of the society which allowed him to aptly depict the flavor of those times in his artistic work. Among a number of social niceties, Kraszewski paid special attention to the customs connected with the Old Polish dining table, namely its decorative qualities created by an abundance of crystal, trinkets, flowers, table linen, porcelain figurines and bright tablecloth. Finally, tableware seems to be part and parcel of such depictions.
EN
The article presents Silesian culinary customs in the context of the cultural changes of the last few centuries. The author refers to the remarks of Norbert Elias, who illustrated these metamorphoses by describing behaviour in everyday life, including culinary customs. This methodology is applied to the description of regional cooking customs - the author postulates broadening the field of research and going beyond the analysis of the Upper Silesian peasant’s behaviour only. He argues against the stereotype of identifying the description of native cuisine with plebeian menus, citing, for example, the case of the cuisine of Prince George Rudolf of Legnica, where the Swiss cookbook by Anna Wecker (1605) was used, the English menu at the Pszczyna court of the Hochberg family, or the influence of the Schlesisches Kochbuch by Henrietta Pelz on Silesian bourgeois cuisine at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. These examples lead the author to conclude that Silesian cuisine was open to the transfer of culinary customs, a phenomenon he interprets as a readiness to embrace cultural change by different social groups in the region.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały śląskie obyczaje kulinarne w kontekście przemian kulturowych ostatnich kilku wieków. Autor przywołuje uwagi Norberta Eliasa, który te metamorfozy ilustrował poprzez opis zachowań w życiu codziennym, w tym – obyczajów kulinarnych. Ta metodologia jest odniesiona do opisu obyczajów kuchni regionalnej – autor postuluje poszerzenia pola badań i wyjście poza analizę wyłącznie zachowań górnośląskiego chłopa. Polemizuje ze stereotypem utożsamiania opisu rodzimej kuchni z jadłospisem plebejskim, przywołując m.in. przykład kuchni legnickiego księcia Jerzego Rudolfa, gdzie korzystano ze szwajcarskiej książki kucharskiej Anny Wecker (1605), angielskie menu na pszczyńskim dworze Hochbergów czy wpływ Schlesisches Kochbuch autorstwa Henrietty Pelz na śląską kuchnię mieszczańską na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Te przykłady prowadzą autora do wniosku, iż śląska kuchnia była otwarta na transfer obyczajów kulinarnych, a to zjawisko interpretuje jako gotowość do przyjmowania kulturowych zmian przez różne grupy społeczne regionu.
PL
Organizowanie wydarzeń o charakterze marketingowym stanowi pomysł na wykreowanie miejsc czy przedmiotów, z którymi utożsamiają się mieszkańcy regionu. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że największe szanse mają marki tworzone przez lokalne podmioty, ale z uwzględnieniem szerokiego frontu kapitału społecznego. Główne cele promocji można przedstawić jako informowanie, przekonywanie, przyciąganie i pozycjonowanie. Produkt lokalny jest szansą dla małych społeczności i wielką atrakcją dla konsumentów. Zakupione przez turystów na festynie ludowym, targu lub w gospodarstwie produkty czy przetwory, po degustacji uchodzą za wyjątkowe specjały. Często produkcja tych wyrobów chętnie przenoszona jest do ich domów, przez co rozpowszechnia się o nich dobra opinia.
EN
Organizing territorial marketing events is an idea of creating places and objects which people identify with the region. The analysis in the paper shows that the best chance of this creation have local actors, but supported by a broad front of social cooperation. The main objectives of the promotion can be presented in the form of four terms: information, persuasion, attraction and positioning. A local, regional and traditional product is an opportunity for small communities and a great attraction for consumers. Purchased by tourists in a folk festival, a local market or in a farm it is considered to be unique and tasty food. Production of these products is often readily transferred to their homes, thus spreading their good opinion.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show the impact of Niccolò Machiavelli’s idea on Łukasz Opaliński’s “A Parish Priest’s Conversation With a Landowner”. The author of article noticed that for both of these political writers, virtue, good laws and customs were very important. First of all, however, the article presented examples of references by the Polish poet and writer of the baroque to such works as “The Prince” and “Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius”. The author also pointed out what influence this reception of Niccolò Machiavelli’s writings.
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