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Przemiany funkcjonalno-przestrzenne ośrodków zabytkowych w strukturze miast Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego w latach 1961-1970

100%

Przyłęcki M.

Ochrona Zabytków

1973

issue 1

39-46

The L owe r Silesian region m ay be re g a rd e d as one where, if th e q u e stio n is to be con sid e red on th e “a ll- c o u n try sc a le ”, th e g re a te s t n um b e r of tow n s can be fou n d w ith th e ir v a lu ab le m o n um en ts of a rc h ite c tu re and in te re s tin g tow n p lan n in g lay o u ts su rv iv ed. The w a r damage s, te ch n ic a l d ep re c ia tio n , obsolescence of fu n c tio n a l p a tte rn s an d th e changes in sy stems of cons tru c tio n a re c re a tin g re a lly se rio u s d ifficu ltie s in p ro g ram m in g th e p ro te c tio n , co n se rv a tio n an d th e uses fo r th e histo ric u rb a n centres. In th e p re s e n t a rtic le th e a u th o r deals w ith changes o ccu rin g in fu n c tio n al and sp a tia l p a tte rn s of h isto ric towns s itu a te d w ith in th e mo re and more in d iv id u a liz in g L egnica-Głogów Copper Mining District. He p re s e n ts a h a n d fu l o f o b s e rv a tio n s collected on th e b a ck g ro u n d of a su rv ey p re p a re d by th e Wroclaw B ran ch of th e In s titu te of T ow n p lan n in g and A rc h ite c tu re in th e p e rio d 1960— —1970. The in d u s tria l d ev e lo pm en t of th is D istric t b a sin g on mining an d processing of copper ores h a s led to a p p a re n t changes both in s tru c tu r e of emp lo ym en t and p o p u la tio n figures. Th e above changes p e rta in m a in ly to h isto ric — towns as, fo r in stan c e , Chobienia, Chocianów, Głogów, Legnica, Lu b in , Polkowice, Prochowice, Ru d n a an d Ścinawa. U n til 1970 th e d ev e lo pm en t of in d u s try in th is a re a caused a co n sid e rab le e x ten s io n or sp e ed in g -u p of re b u ild in g of th e fiv e towns u n d e r in v e stig a tio n , namely Polkowice, Lubin, Głogów, Legnica and Chocianów. In c re a sed b u ild in g a c tiv itie s could also be observed in R u d n a an d Ścinawa. Such tow n s as Legnica, Lu b in , Głogów an d Polkowice h av e grown to th e m a in in d u s tria l an d a dm in is tra tiv e an d service c en tre s w ith in th e e x p an d in g Copper Mining D istrict, a t th e same time becoming to u rin g cen tre s on th e so u th e rn reg io n a l ro u te , owing to th e e x isting mo n umen ts, mo d e rn in d u s tria l p la n ts and c u ltu ra l centres. In fiv e from among th e towns u n d e r discussion it was possible to observe th e above de sc rib ed changes of civic fu n c tio n s wh en comp ared w ith th e sta te from 1960 b u t only in fo u r of th em th e s e changes a ffected th e ir h is to ric centres. As one of th e fe a tu re s of changes in fu n c tio n a l p a tte rn of u rb a n c en tre s m ay be reg a rd ed co n sid e rab le in c re a se of liv in g spaces, those occupied by tra d e , r e s ta u r a n ts an d adm in is tra tio n . Within a decade u n d e r discussion no in c re a se s have b een o b serv ed in spaces d esigned fo r in d u s try w ith in th e histo ric c en tre s which th e fa c t may also be re g a rd ed as a p o sitiv e fe a tu re . Both in d u s try and sto rag e a re being removed from h is to ric centres. However, w ith in th e h is to ric c en tre s an o th e r, th is time neg ativ e, fe a tu re was ob se rv ed , i.e. e re c tio n of m o d e rn re s id e n tia l bu ild in g s which, as a ru le , a re in conflict w ith th e ir su rro u n d in g s . F o r ex amp le , in L e gnica th e city a re a is being fo rm ed of m u lti-s to re y , aggressive re s id e n tia l houses th a t a re e n tire ly u n a d a p ta b le to o th e r ex is tin g build in g s. The p re s e rv ed h isto ric ob je c ts though, in p rin c ip le , still d omin a tin g sp a tia lly a re fre q u e n tly enough chan g in g th e ir o rig in a l fu n c tio n s which th e o c cu rren c e is v isib le in p a rtic u la r in housing. This h ig h ly n eg a tiv e fe a tu re was conn ected w ith a tre n d tow a rd m o d e rn iz a tio n of h is to ric c entres. By doing so w e re neg lec ted all compositional, a e sth e tic a l an d co n se rv a tio n p ro b lem s th a t h a v e been moved to more rem o te plans. The a rtic le is ending w ith conclusions proposing to re v iew th e h is to ric a l an d sp a tia l v a lu e s p re s e n t in a re a s of h isto ric tow n s w ith in Legnica—Głogów Copp e r Mining D istric t an d to in tro d u c e th e n e c e ssa ry a lte ra tio n s which could improve th e e ffe c ts in u rb a n p lan n in g achieved in th e p a s t y e a rs also in compositio n a l respect. At th e same time th e need h a s been emphasized to s ta r t th e stu d ie s on th e fo rms of modern b u ild in g in tro d u c ed to h is to ric u rb a n c en tre s.

Uwagi na temat programów ochrony konserwatorskiej zabytkowych zespołów miejskich

88%

Przyłęcki M.

Ochrona Zabytków

1973

issue 1

29-39

Th e a u th o r , ta k in g th e c o n s e rv a to r’s p o in t of view, de a ls w ith p ro b lem s of p ro te c tio n of h is to ric a l u rb a n se ttin g s w ith in th e processes of reb u ild in g , re c o n s tru c tio n , ex te n s io n an d ad a p ta tio n . All m e a su re s in th is re sp e c t re q u ire th a t b efore th e all a se t of c rite ria fo r a ss e ssm e n t a n d selection be p re p a re d wh ile both tow n -p la n n e r an d a rc h ite c t should b e a r in th e ir minds the fu n c tio n a n d th e role p lay ed by a h is to ric a l u rb a n s e ttin g w ith in th e e n tire u rb a n organism of a modern town. A p p ro p ria te step s should be ta k e n in each se p a r a te c ase a imed a t d e fin in g of th e h e ig h ts an d sizes a n d a lso of k in d s of b u ild in g th a t h a s to comp lemen t th e h is to ric a l b u ild in g s an d also be considered th e te ch n ic a l, te ch n o lo g ic a l an d o rg an iz a tio n a l aspects of m o d e rn iz a tio n s to b e in tro d u c ed in h isto ric a l settings. Th e a b o v e -lis te d p o in ts w e re a lre ad y sev e ra l time s d iscu ssed d u rin g th e m e e tin g s of ex p e rts. The damage s c au sed to h is to ric a l u rb a n s e ttin g s by m ilita ry ac tio n s d u rin g th e World War II h av e forced a ll th e concerned w ith th a t p ro b lem, i.e. a rc h ite c ts, tow n -p la n n e rs an d c o n se rv a to rs to look a fte r a p p ro p ria te so lu tio n s th a t could be ap p lied to re b u ild in g a n d re c o n s tru c tio n of towns. In th is connection n um e ro u s th e o re tic a l cons id e ra tio n s an d p ro p o sa ls of g en e ra l n a tu r e w e re fo rm u la te d b u t, fo r in s tan c e , th a t be in g a co n c ep t of a „ tow n -re s e rv a tio n ” fo r h is to ric a lly p a tte rn e d towns did n o t fin d su p p o rt by those co n cern ed in th is co u n try . Nowadays, w h ile p la n n in g th e re h a b ilita tio n it should, in th e f ir s t line, be b o rn e in min d th a t a ll tr a n s it, i.e. d ire c tly ru n n in g ma ss tr a ffic sh o u ld be removed from h is to ric a l u rb a n c en tre s, gre en b e lts be e s ta b lish ed an d th e a r c h ite c tu ra l d om in an ts c a re fu lly a ccen tu a te d . One of th e most d ifficu lt p ro b lem s is p e rm an e n tly e n co u n te re d in tow n s h av in g th e ir u rb a n tissu e s composed of b u ild in g s v a ry in g as to th e ir v a lu e and, in a d d itio n , th e selection of a p ro p e r concept of th e ir sp a tia l deve lo pm en t. U n til th e re c e n t tim e th e re w e re c re a te d th re e concepts of re h a b ilita tio n of a h isto ric a l u rb a n s e ttin g co n sistin g in: (1) a d a p ta tio n of new a rc h ite c tu re to a defin ed sty le of e x is tin g h isto ric a l b u ild in g w hich th e solution w h en con sid e red from an a e s th e tic a l v iew p o in t co n ta in s th e sm a lle st possible n um b e r of risk s a n d th u s has fo u n d n um e ro u s su p p o rte rs ; (2) rem o v a l of an c ie n t, in p rin c ip le , n o t h is to ric a l b u ild in g (though in p ra c tic e s ev e ra l in s tan c e s may be listed in w h ich also h is to ric a l b u ild in g s w e re removed) an d c re a tin g in its pla c e of m o d e rn a rc h ite c tu r e w ith its s ta n d a rd iz e d shapes (blocks of fla ts); in th is case, however, h is to ric a l b u ild in g s a re m a rk e d ly c o n tra s tin g w ith th o se mo d e rn an d th e towns a re d e p riv e d of th e ir original, h is to ric a l, c u ltu ra l an d a e s th e tic a l v a lu e s ; (3) designing of new b u ild in g in a ll th e se p la c e s w h e re losses a re to be fou n d in th e densely b u ilt q u a r te r s w ith a sim u ltan eo u s c a re fu l a d a p ta tio n of new b u ild in g s to th e ir h is to ric a l su rro u n d in g s. While emphasizing th e n e ed to c a re fu lly a p ro a c h to h is to ric a l u rb a n p a tte rn s th e a u th o r mak e s a n a p p e a l to d esig n ers th a t th e y sh o u ld rem em b e r a b o u t th e nec e ssity to lim it th e ag gressive fe a tu re s in a r c h ite c tu r a l fo rm s of th e ir b u ild in g s, to m o d e ra te ly use th e colours on th e ir fa ç ad e s an d d e ta ils and, fin a lly , to ap p ly th e p ro p e rly ad a p te d m a te ria ls. As a n o th e r im p o rta n t fe a tu re th a t may decisively in flu en c e th e c h a ra c te r of th e new b u ild in g s is m en tio n ed th e m o d e ra te use of p u b lic ity media in th e fo rm of illum in a te d a d v e rtisin g a n d e le c tric signs. All th e above re q u irem e n ts w e re sev e ra l time s p u t fo rw a rd d u rin g discussions on new designs of th e h is to ric a l u rb a n centres. Howeve r, u n til now th ey a re s till considered as p ro p o sa ls w ith o u t an y co n c re te ex am p le s th a t could be tr e a te d as some k in d of model solution. All th e above rem a rk s m ad e by a p ra c tic isin g a r c h ite c tc o n se rv a to r a re c le a rly enough ch a ra c te riz in g th e ra n g e of d ifficu ltie s w ith w h ich a re fa c ed th e d e sig n e rs in th e ir e v e ry -d a y w o rk devoted to a d a p ta tio n a n d r e h a b ilita tio n of h is to ric a l u rb a n settings.

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2 Ochrona Zabytków

2 1973

2 Przyłęcki M.

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Przemiany funkcjonalno-przestrzenne ośrodków zabytkowych w strukturze miast Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego w latach 1961-1970

Uwagi na temat programów ochrony konserwatorskiej zabytkowych zespołów miejskich