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OBLIGATIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO PROVIDE INFORMATION FROM THE CASE FILE

100%
Nowicka U.
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
|
2020
|
vol. 1
|
issue XX
169-182
PL
Obowiązki organu administracji publicznej w zakresie udostępnienia akt sprawy stronom postępowania zostały uregulowane w art. 73-74 kpa. Dostęp do akt obejmuje wgląd w akta sprawy, sporządzanie z nich notatek, kopii lub odpisów oraz uwierzytelnianie odpisów lub kopii akt sprawy lub wydania z akt sprawy uwierzytelnionych odpisów, o ile jest to uzasadnione ważnym interesem strony. Z kolei odmowa dostępu do akt jest uzasadniona ochroną informacji niejawnych oraz ważnym interesem państwa. Na gruncie tych zagadnień powstało w doktrynie i orzecznictwie wiele dyskusji i teorii, które w niniejszym artykule zostają poddane analizie.
EN
The obligations of public administration to make case file available to parties to proceedings are regulated in Art. 73-74 of the Code of Administrative Procedure. The access to the file includes the form of insight into the case file, make notes based on them, make duplicates or copies and authenticating duplicates or copies of the case files or to issue certified copies from the case files, if it is justified by the important interest of the party. In turn, the refusal of access to the file is justified by the protection of classified information or important interest of the state. Based on these issues, many discussions and theories have appeared in doctrine and jurisprudence, which are analyzed in this article.
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The Political and Military Aspects of Creating Anti-Access/Area-Denial Systems (A2/Ad): The Example of China and Russia

100%
Dobija K.
Safety & Defense
|
2021
|
vol. 2
22-39
EN
Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems Mainly based on long range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyberattack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.
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