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Hiszpańska ustawa o przemocy ze względu na płeć. Analiza kryminalno-polityczna

100%

Grzyb M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2017

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issue XXXIX

339-368

EN

The Spanish Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence of 28 December 2004 (Ley Organica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género) is considered one of the most advanced and ground-breaking legal acts designed to counter gender violence and is often viewed as a model piece of legislation to be emulated by other countries. The characteristic feature of this law is the introduction of criminal-law protection for women experiencing violence from their partner.Although the Spanish law has been praised in the international arena, it has definitely elicited mixed feelings in Spain itself. It seems a paradox that one of the few laws passed in recent decades with the full consensus of all political parties instantly became one of the most criticized and subjected to judgment. Even before it entered into force, the law encountered significant criticism from the Spanish judiciary, while its application in practice has earned it further opponents and critics – nearly all of them engaged social stakeholders: feminists, legal theorists, criminologists, and victims of violence themselves. Some of the charges probably do not stem from the faulty operation or application of the law as such, but from the dashed hopes and disappointed expectations, grounded in the naïve belief that the new law would quickly transform society and eradicate gender violence.The aim of the article is to sum up ten years of the gender violence law in Spain. The first part outlines the origins of LO 1/2004, its historical and political background, including the fall of Franco’s dictatorship and the later socialist government whose rule led to increased interest in gender equality and the introduction of measures to counter all instances of discrimination in addition to raising public awareness of violence against women starting in the 1990s.The second part discusses the content of LO 1/2004 and explains why the Spanish legislators adopted the gender violence framework (instead of the neutral ‘domestic violence’ model, as referenced in Polish and other national legislations), which recognises that women are disproportionally more prone to certain forms of violence, particularly on the part of relatives and partners, which is due to structural inequality and centuries-old historical discrimination of women. Gender violence is an infringement of human and women’s rights and, as such, should be combated. The ‘gender violence’ approach is also currently the dominant perspective in international human rights discourse and international documents. The third part discusses controversies that have arisen in connection with the law and examines the main charges put against it. The introduction of LO 1/2004 has raised doubts as to its being consistent with the constitutional principle of equality before the law. The Spanish Constitutional Tribunal decided this issue in favour of the law in 2008. The law might also make the situation of certain victims more complicated, as it imposes very strict and punitive solutions, thus stripping them of subjectivity. The law has moreover encountered strong opposition from the judiciary itself, which wasn’t pleased with it from the very beginning. Finally, the Author examines various figures related to gender violence and how they have evolved over the ten years since the law entered into force.Part four is devoted to the amendment of Spanish criminal law in 2015 to take account of gender violence, and discusses the direction of legislative and criminal/political changes.The final part consists of a summary and an attempt to provide a comprehensive assessment of the law since it was passed.

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DOŚWIADCZANIE PRZEMOCY PRZEZ MĘŻCZYZN W SYTUACJI KONFLIKTU RODZINNEGO – PERSPEKTYWA BADAWCZA

63%

Dudak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas. Pedagogika

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2016

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issue 13

89-98

PL

Zjawisko przemocy domowej, chociaż dość powszechnie dyskutowane w naukach społecznych, w zdecydowanej większości traktowane jest nadal jako typowy dla płci męskiej przejaw zachowania. Jednak zmiany zachodzące w systemie ról płciowych oraz nowy wizerunek męskości, w którym akcentuje się równość mężczyzn i kobiet we wszystkich sferach życia społecznego, powoduje wzrost zainteresowania zjawiskami przełamującymi schematy dotyczące oceny relacji męsko–damskich. W prezentowanych rozważaniach podjęto próbę charakterystyki sytuacji mężczyzn doświadczających przemocy ze strony swoich partnerek w sytuacji konfliktu rozwodowego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na formy i źródła aktów przemocy wobec mężczyzn oraz sposoby radzenia sobie przez nich z faktem bycia ofiarami przemocy.

EN

Domestic violence, although broadly discussed by social studies, is still perceived as a typically male behavior. However, the changes affecting the gender roles as well as new image of masculinity that emphasizes the equality between men and women in all areas of social life, stimulates the interest in the phenomena challenging the model of female-male relationships. The presented discussion attempts to analyze the situation of men experiencing violence inflicted by women during a divorce conflict. It focuses on the forms and sources of acts of violence against men as well as on ways to cope with the fact of being a victim of abuse.

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Odebranie osoby małoletniej podlegającej władzy rodzicielskiej w związku z przemocą w rodzinie

45%

Kurniewicz A.

Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

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2019

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issue 26

64-81

EN

In the light of critical remarks and opinions with respect to the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of domestic violence, issues relating to how to protect children against abuse by parents and guardians have been regulated in recent amendments therein. It was considered that children form a special category of victims of domestic violence, and violence against children, in its various dimensions, should be treated as the greatest cruelty. It does not matter in which aspect of life the violence occurs, whenever it is given the attribute of unlawfulness, it should be meticulously eliminated through the introduction of measures that would prevent it in the future. In addition, the obligation to consider the good of the child is a basic interpretative rule in the interpretation of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code governing relations between parents and children. The importance of the principle of protecting the best interests of the child goes beyond the order of national law and has its source in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, applicable in Poland since 7 July 1991. Supreme Court case law emphasizes the importance of Art. 3 of this Convention as a general directive applied when considering conflicts of parents regarding the provision of childcare. In view of the above, on 25 June 2010, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted an amendment to the Act, under which an effective fight against the phenomenon of violence against children was started, and protection against child abuse was provided. One of the provisions effective since 1 August 2010 is the regulation contained in Art. 12a in a new wording, according to which, in the event of a direct threat to the child’s health or life due to domestic violence, a social worker, together with a policeman and a health care worker, may remove a child from their family and place the minor in a safe place. It should be noted that the adopted provision should apply only in such special situations, when a social worker, while performing official activities, is a witness to a situation that threatens the life or health of the child, including carers who are unable to care for the child due to drunkenness, or show aggression towards the child, or where the child’s carers have left them alone. In such circumstances, there is a fear that the lack of intervention will result in irreversible consequences that can lead to tragedy. In addition, during the police intervention pursuant to Article 72 of the Polish Constitution, a child may be taken away from his family in crisis situations requiring immediate child care, in which the child is seen as a victim of violence or whose parents, being intoxicated, are not able to take care of the child. The article discusses the procedure of a child being taken from their parents by a social worker due to the occurrence of domestic violence, and a child being taken from their relatives in crisis situations encountered during police intervention.

PL

W związku z krytycznymi uwagami i opiniami na temat Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie kwestie dotyczące sposobu ochrony dzieci przed krzywdzeniem ze strony rodziców i opiekunów zostały uregulowane w ostatnich zmianach do ustawy. Uznano bowiem, że dzieci są szczególną kategorią ofiar przemocy w rodzinie, a przemoc wobec dzieci, w różnych jej wymiarach, należy traktować jako największe okrucieństwo. Nieważne, w jakim aspekcie życia spotykana jest przemoc, zawsze, jeżeli uzyska przymiot bezprawnej, powinna być skrupulatnie eliminowana wraz z wprowadzaniem środków, które miałyby jej zapobiegać w przyszłości. Ponadto nakaz uwzględnienia dobra dziecka stanowi podstawową regułę interpretacyjną obowiązującą przy wykładni przepisów Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego regulujących stosunki między rodzicami a dziećmi. Znaczenie zasady ochrony dobra dziecka wykracza poza porządek prawa krajowego i ma swoje źródło w Konwencji o prawach dziecka obowiązującej w Polsce od 7 lipca 1991 r. W orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego podkreśla się znaczenie art. 3 tej konwencji jako dyrektywy generalnej przy rozpatrywaniu konfliktów rodziców na tle sprawowania opieki nad dziećmi. Z uwagi na powyższe 25 czerwca 2010 r. Sejm RP uchwalił nowelizację ustawy, dzięki której podjęto skuteczną walkę ze zjawiskiem przemocy wobec dzieci i zapewniono ochronę przed ich krzywdzeniem. Jednym z przepisów obowiązującym od 1 sierpnia 2010 r. jest regulacja zawarta w nowym brzmieniu art. 12a, zgodnie z którym w razie bezpośredniego zagrożenia zdrowia lub życia dziecka w związku z przemocą w rodzinie pracownik socjalny wspólnie z policjantem i pracownikiem ochrony zdrowia może odebrać dziecko z rodziny i dokonać umieszczenia małoletniego w bezpiecznym dla niego miejscu. Zaznaczyć należy, że wprowadzony przepis powinien mieć zastosowanie tylko w takich szczególnych sytuacjach, kiedy pracownik socjalny, wykonując czynności służbowe, jest świadkiem sytuacji zagrażającej życiu lub zdrowiu dziecka (np. opiekunowie są niezdolni do opieki nad nim z uwagi na nietrzeźwość lub wykazują agresję w stosunku do dziecka, albo też pozostawili dziecko bez opieki). W takich sytuacjach istnieje obawa, że brak interwencji spowoduje nieodwracalne w konsekwencji skutki, które mogą doprowadzić do tragedii. Ponadto na podstawie art. 72 Konstytucji RP podczas interwencji Policji może dojść do odebrania dziecka rodzinie w sytuacjach kryzysowych wymagających zapewnienia dziecku natychmiastowej opieki, w których dziecko występuje jako ofiara przemocy lub którego rodzice, będąc w stanie upojenia alkoholowego, nie są w stanie sprawować pieczy. W artykule omówiono procedurę odebrania dziecka rodzicom przez pracownika socjalnego w związku z wystąpieniem zjawiska przemocy domowej oraz odebrania dziecka rodzinie w sytuacjach kryzysowych napotkanych podczas interwencji Policji. In the light of critical remarks and opinions with respect to the Act of 29 July 2005 on the prevention of domestic violence, issues relating to how to protect children against abuse by parents and guardians have been regulated in recent amendments therein. It was considered that children form a special category of victims of domestic violence, and violence against children, in its various dimensions, should be treated as the greatest cruelty. It does not matter in which aspect of life the violence occurs, whenever it is given the attribute of unlawfulness, it should be meticulously eliminated through the introduction of measures that would prevent it in the future. In addition, the obligation to consider the good of the child is a basic interpretative rule in the interpretation of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code governing relations between parents and children. The importance of the principle of protecting the best interests of the child goes beyond the order of national law and has its source in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, applicable in Poland since 7 July 1991. Supreme Court case law emphasizes the importance of Art. 3 of this Convention as a general directive applied when considering conflicts of parents regarding the provision of childcare. In view of the above, on 25 June 2010, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted an amendment to the Act, under which an effective fight against the phenomenon of violence against children was started, and protection against child abuse was provided. One of the provisions effective since 1 August 2010 is the regulation contained in Art. 12a in a new wording, according to which, in the event of a direct threat to the child’s health or life due to domestic violence, a social worker, together with a policeman and a health care worker, may remove a child from their family and place the minor in a safe place. It should be noted that the adopted provision should apply only in such special situations, when a social worker, while performing official activities, is a witness to a situation that threatens the life or health of the child, including carers who are unable to care for the child due to drunkenness, or show aggression towards the child, or where the child’s carers have left them alone. In such circumstances, there is a fear that the lack of intervention will result in irreversible consequences that can lead to tragedy. In addition, during the police intervention pursuant to Article 72 of the Polish Constitution, a child may be taken away from his family in crisis situations requiring immediate child care, in which the child is seen as a victim of violence or whose parents, being intoxicated, are not able to take care of the child. The article discusses the procedure of a child being taken from their parents by a social worker due to the occurrence of domestic violence, and a child being taken from their relatives in crisis situations encountered during police intervention.

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1 Kurniewicz A.

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Hiszpańska ustawa o przemocy ze względu na płeć. Analiza kryminalno-polityczna

DOŚWIADCZANIE PRZEMOCY PRZEZ MĘŻCZYZN W SYTUACJI KONFLIKTU RODZINNEGO – PERSPEKTYWA BADAWCZA

Odebranie osoby małoletniej podlegającej władzy rodzicielskiej w związku z przemocą w rodzinie