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Prawnorzeczowe umocnienia inwestycji fotowoltaicznych w prawie szwajcarskim

100%
Bieranowski A.
Rejent
|
2021
|
issue 1 (357)
11-34
EN
The status of photovoltaic equipment affects the category of limited property rights strengthening such investments. Depending on the qualifications of photovoltaic devices, three types of servitudes are useful. First, personal servitude within the meaning of Article 781 of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), secondly, praedial servitude under Article 730 ZGB and, thirdly, building right.
2

Służebności fotowoltaiczne w prawie polskim z odniesieniami komparatystycznymi

100%
Bieranowski A.
Rejent
|
2021
|
issue 12 (368)
9-68
EN
The purpose of this Article was to verify the different types of easement from the point of view of suitability for photovoltaic investment. The above analysis has shown that the easement of transmission cannot be established for the location of photovoltaic panels. With regard to barriers than German or Swiss law. To begin with, the catalogue of rights in rem in Polish law is very limited. Polish law does not include building right. Secondly, unlike in Swiss law, the regulation of easement in Polish law is not adjusted to the needs of a modern economy. Those weaknesses manifest themselves primarily in the non-transferability of personal easements (quoad ius) and the narrowing down of the subject matter scope of personal easements (only natural persons are entitled to personal easements). However, in light of art. 393 of CC (§ 328 of BGB) there are no barriers when a person declares that they will establish personal easement for the benefit of a third party, also under the suspending condition (e.g. expiry of the hitherto valid easement). The third person does not have to be marked immediately. Similar to German law (§ 1019 of BGB), the usefulness of appurtenant easements in protecting the photovoltaic investment definitely reduces the necessity of carrying out the premise of usefulness for benefiting property (utilitas).
3

Własność nieruchomości – trudności i wyzwania w XXI wieku

84%
Susfał B. P.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2015
|
vol. 18
|
issue 3(68)
160-173
PL
Artykuł podejmuje tematykę własności nieruchomości, jako istotnego elementu podczas obrotu nieruchomościami. Uwolnienie zawodu pośrednika nieruchomości spowodowało, iż dokonywane transakcje na rynku nieruchomości, wymagają większego zainteresowania ze strony zleceniodawcy oraz większej wiedzy zamawiającego, gdyż precyzja w takiej sytuacji pozostaje pod znakiem zapytania. W związku z tym przeprowadzono badania, mające na celu weryfikację poziomu wiedzy na temat rodzaju praw własności, Ksiąg Wieczystych oraz najistotniejszych instytucji obsługujących interesariuszy w analizowanej kwestii. Istotny jest również fakt, skompletowania odpowiedniej dokumentacji, który również został poruszony w niniejszym artykule.
EN
The article’s subject is the ownership of real estate as an important element in the real estate business. Deregulation of the profession of estate agent caused that transactions in the property market require greater interest on the part of the customer, as well as greater knowledge of the customer, because precision in such a situation remains uncertain. For this purpose, a study was conducted in order to verify the level of knowledge on the nature of property rights, the Land Registry and the most important institutions that support customers in the matter under consideration. It is also important to complete appropriate documentation, which is therefore also considered in the article.
4
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Regulacja prawna timesharingu w wybranych państwach europejskich

83%
Romanowska M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2017
|
issue 1 (209)
57-91
PL
Timeshare is a part of the process of satisfying consumer needs through the use of material goods and services. Timeshare means touristic, cyclic use of things in a concrete period of time over many years. Consumer acquires the timeshare right under a contract of a consumer character. This right is regulated at EU level and is a supranational legal relationship, when it usually involves entities from different countries. Timesharing is a legal institution which is regulated by the Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts. The purpose of the Directive according to the article 1.1 is to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market and to achieve a high level of consumer protection, by approximating the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States in respect of certain aspects of the marketing, sale and resale of timeshares contracts. Directive is without prejudice to national legislation which: provides for general contract law remedies, relates to the registration of immovable or movable property and conveyance of immovable property, relates to conditions of establishment or authorisation regimes or licensing requirements, and relates to the determination of the legal nature of the rights which are the subject of the contracts covered by this Directive. Under the definition set out in the Directive „timeshare contract” means a contract of a duration of more than one year under which a consumer, for consideration, acquires the right to use one or more overnight accommodation for more than one period of occupation. While the Directive does not determine the legal nature of the rights which are the subject of the timeshare contracts, in the practise of Member States, there are a lot of different legal timesharing structures like inter partes or in rem ones, trust, etc. Such situation does not help in consumer protection. The timeshare Directive was transposed to the legal systems of the Members States without significant changes. As the domestic legislation after the Directive does not determine the character of the timeshare right, the constructions of it are created with some specification of a common law system, german one as well as a roman culture. In England and in Spain the most popular timeshare construction used in practice is club-trustee, while in France there is a société d’attribution and Dauerwohnrecht in Germany. Timeshare is prepared for holiday use and is associated with tourist services. It represents a preferred alternative to purchase things as a legal owner, because only performs the function of consumption and aims to provide pleasure to the consumer lessee. The law is carried out by many consumers, although at a specific time they are entitled to exclusive use of one of them. Timeshare usage allows for real use of things without exercising the duties of taking care of thing, pay in respect of its ownership taxes, or making a repair. That is why it became such a success in tourism and in the same time while not functioning in the similar structure it is not clear institution for a potential consumer.
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