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PL
Ethnolinguistic approach allows to track cultural information included in language, especially lexical and phraseological units. From this perspective, the language tells us about the particular way a linguistic-cultural community perceives reality. Society attributes to women a number of features, qualities, defects and social functions. These traits shape a cultural image of women, and this biased picture is functional in social relationships and it is reflected on the terms a language uses to refer to women. The purpose of this paper is to describe the perception of old women in Roman society by means of the associations and connotations carried by Latin terms anus, anicula and vetula.
EN
Jiřina Šiklová is a Czech sociologist and writer. She published under different names, mainly abroad. In the times of the former regime she was persecuted and imprisoned. She wrote anumber of bestselling books: Deník staré paní (2003), Dopisy vnučce (2007), Matky po e-mailu (2009), Stoupenci proměn (2012), Vyhoštěná smrt (2013). Books of this Czech writer haven’t been translated yet into Polish. From the perspective of an old woman she presents old age as a specific moment in human life. Šiklová writes akind of adiary in which she speaks about the current situation brought to her by life. In her books, the writer solves problems between grandparents and grandchildren as well as the issues of asixty year old woman taking care of her octogenarian mother. Šiklová provides an independent reaction to the problems of aging society. She teaches her readers to accept old age, not only as loss of strength, but as atime belonging to the fullness of human life. At the same time in avery business like manner and with no sentiment she offers a number of steps that can help in old age.
CS
Jiřina Šiklová je česká socioložka apublicistka. Publikovala pod různými jmény, především v zahraničí. Za minulého režimu byla pronásledovaná avězněná. Napsala nĕkolik literárních bestsellerů: Deník staré paní (2003), Dopisy vnučce (2007), Matky po e-mailu (2009), Stoupenci proměn (2012), Vyhoštěná smrt (2013). Knihy české spisovatelky ještĕ nebyly přeložené do polštiny. Z pohledu staré ženy popisuje stáří jako specifický moment v životĕ človĕka. Šiklová píše svého druhu deník, ve kterém hovoří oaktuálních situacích, které jí život přináší. Spisovatelka v knihách řeší problémy mezi prarodiči avnoučaty nebo starosti šedesátileté ženy, která se musí postarat o svoji osmdesátiletou matku. Šiklová představuje svébytnou reakci na problém stárnutí populace. Učí čtenáře přijímat stáří nikoli jako pouhý úbytek sil, ale jako období náležející k plnosti lidského života. Zároveň přitom zcela věcně anesentimentálně upozorňuje na řadu kroků, které mohou stáří usnadnit.
EN
The aim of the article is to look at the identity of an old woman on the example of works by Anna Świrszczyńska, which were compared with selected paintings. It was emphasized that the specificity of the poet’s artistic creation, her way of presenting a woman’s point of view to all phenomena and feelings, did not lead to the negation of male reality, but constituted its complement. The intended interdisciplinary nature of discourse is justified by the belief that the diversity of linguistic message multiplies the strength of art’s influence, empathically orientates recipients to the uniqueness as well as the individuality of the subject’s existential relationship with the world in works of art.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ogląd tożsamości starej kobiety na przykładzie utworów Anny Świrszczyńskiej, które porównano z wybranymi pracami malarskimi. Podkreślono, że specyfika kreacji artystycznej poetki, jej sposób prezentacji kobiecego punktu widzenia na wszelkie zjawiska i uczucia, nie prowadziła do negacji rzeczywistości męskiej, lecz stanowiła jej uzupełnienie. Zamierzona interdyscyplinarność dyskursu ma uzasadnienie w przekonaniu, że różnorodność językowego przekazu zwielokrotnia siłę oddziaływania sztuki oraz empatycznie orientuje odbiorców na niepowtarzalność i jednostkowość doświadczenia egzystencjalnej relacji podmiotu ze światem w dziełach sztuki.
EN
The aim of the article is to reconstruct modern image (images) of an old woman in two research perspectives: linguistic and psychological. Linguistic analysis, which uses the concept of language representation of world and basic ethno linguistic tools, deals with the way in which senility of women is perceived and expressed in general language. Surveys and psychological tests carried out from the perspective of developmental psychology familiarize the way of self-perception and self-defining by old women. The results of these analysis show that in general Polish language dominates stereotypical, anachronistic and unfavorable portrayal of senior women. However, from the individual perspective, the most important element of the portrayal is individual sense of loss, which appears at the last phase of life; indirectly, the research also confirms social “invisibility” of ageing women.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja współczesnego wizerunku (wizerunków) starej kobiety w dwóch perspektywach badawczych: językoznawczej i psychologicznej. Analiza lingwistyczna, w której wykorzystuje się koncepcję językowego obrazu świata i podstawowe narzędzia etnolingwistyki, dotyczy tego, jak starość kobiet jest postrzegana i wyrażana na gruncie języka ogólnego. Z kolei badania ankietowe i przy użyciu testów psychologicznych z perspektywy psychologii rozwoju przybliżają sposób postrzegania i określania się przez same stare kobiety. Wyniki tych analiz pokazują, że w polszczyźnie ogólnej dominuje stereotypowy, anachroniczny i bardzo niekorzystny wizerunek seniorek, natomiast z perspektywy jednostkowej najważniejszym elementem portretu jest indywidualne doświadczenie strat, które ujawniają się na ostatnim etapie życia; pośrednio badania poświadczają również „niewidzialność” społeczną starzejących się kobiet.
EN
The article focuses on the analysis of the role and importance of the theme of old woman in several allegorical images proposed by the Jesuit lecturer, playwright, and author of theatrical performances and drama theatre theorist, Franz Lang in his very important (it marked an high point of his dramatic output) handbook of acting De actione scenica published in Munich in 1727.
PL
Word anus was used in a primarily negative sense to describe an old woman. Anus is usually presented as a libidinous and hideous hag who indulges in strong wine or practices black magic, mainly for erotic purposes. Though Latin literature brings as well examples of a different type of anus: goddesses assuming the shape of old women to guide or deceive the mortals and old prophetic women, inspired by the gods. Anus can be gifted with divine powers and secret knowledge. The paper traces the motif of anus as a witch or a divine woman on the basis of selected examples from the works of Horace, Ovid, Petronius, Apuleius and Silius Italicus.
RU
Exemplified by the selected prose of Russian writers of 20th and 21th centuries, the author analyses the issue of youthfulness and old age, commencing with the so-cold youth prose (V. Aksyonov, A. Kuznetsov, A. Gladilin) and rural prose (V. Raspu-tin, V. Astafyev). The issue also captures the interest of contemporary writers, including A. Yermakova, I. Mamaeva and Z. Prilepin. In their prose, protagonists, who belong both to the young and old generation, find it difficult to adjust to the reality after the Soviet Union collapse, which aggravates social contrast and eliminates those weak and helpless. Elderly people are most frequently made to live alone, struggling with their financial situation. The young generation, uneducated and unassertive, also find it difficult to live their life in dignity. Based on the analyses carried out, the author comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to create an unambiguous image of relation between the young and old generation since these relations are dependent not on social-political transformations, but on the human’s axiological system.
PL
The subject of old age is rarely addressed in Greek vase painting and usually appears in scenes from mythology or daily life. Older men in these representations are Homeric heroes, esteemed as kings, leaders and sages who have rendered great services to society; older people are also present in scenes of everyday life – usually as fathers or child supervisors. depending on the technique of decoration, these figures were characterised mostly through hair colour (as well as thinning hair and baldness in the case of men), a stooped and frail frame or an obese one. Besides, on red-figure and white-ground vessels it was possible to render facial wrinkles. These features apply predominantly to the images of men, because due to the social ideal of kalokagathia Athenian women were usually depicted as timelessly young. The article contains an analysis of selected depictions of the elderly in vase painting in terms of their iconography and the types of scenes in which they appear, including references to the written sources.
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