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EN
There are proposed two simple formal descriptions of the notion of God’s omnipotence which are inspired by formalizations of C. Christian and E. Nieznański. Our first proposal is expressed in a modal sentential language with quantifires. The second one is formulated in first order predicate language. In frame of the second aproach we admit using self- referential expressions. In effect we link our considerations with so called paradox of God’s omnipotence and reconstruct some argumentation against the possibility of reference God’s omnipotence to a lack of itself.
EN
Theists believe that our world was created by an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God. If God with such traits creates a world, we would expect that the world to have certain features. Such features should be compatible with God’s traits. We do not expect a God who is omnipotent and omniscient to create a poorly-designed world. If we believe that our world is created by God with the aforementioned traits and yet our world is poorly designed, we would either abandon our belief that our world was created by God or we would preserve our belief. If we wish to preserve our belief we would either revise the traits we attribute to him, or we would find a way to justify the co-existence of God with such traits as the creator and a poorly-designed world. In the history of philosophy one feature of our world has been subject to a great many debates, namely ‘evil’. By evil we have all the pain and sufferings that sentient beings go through. God is said to be omnibenevolent, as a result he would not want us to go through pain and suffering. He is also omniscient and omnipotent and therefore he has the knowledge and power to do so. Yet we are facing pain and suffering in this world. For the theists reconciling the existing evil in this world with God is a great challenge and atheists try to argue from evil and prove the non-existence of God. The debate between theists and atheists surrounding the problem of evil presupposes a certain conception of God. The presupposition is that God is a person who possesses a mind, will power and has a moral character. For Wittgenstein attributing personhood to God is a confusion. As a result, for Wittgenstein there can be no ‘problem of evil’ and the debates between the theists and atheists is not engaging with a real problem but a pseudo-problem. The problem of evil does not need a solution and smart arguments and counter-arguments, rather it needs therapy.
3
Content available remote

God and Toleration

88%
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2010
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vol. 15
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issue 2
335-353
EN
The enduring debate on the question of whether an omnipotent, omniscient God exists amid the existence of evils in the world is crucial to understanding religions. Much recent discussion has taken an approach in which the focal question is whether we can cognitively—for example, logically, evidentially, and the like—and rationally justify that God’s full power and full goodness cannot be doubted amid the existence of evils. In this paper I argue that we can reasonably assume that God exists in an evil-afflicted world if he chooses to do so and if he tolerates evils. We can reasonably argue that he does exist in an evil-afflicted world because he chooses to tolerate evils for whatever reasons. I would like to make a stronger claim: he tolerates evils in order to give humankind a chance to grow in knowledge of good and evils by combating evils, which implies that his toleration of evils imposes a task on humankind to combat evils.
EN
The article deals with the concept or the image of God in the Hebrew Bible and the various understandings and interpretations of it by Jewish thinkers through generations. The biblical text, full of contradictions and anthropomorphic assertions about God, was a source of discomfort for Jewish philosophers and theologians. Therefore, the sublima-tion and distillation of the text was necessary, and it was done by use of different her-meneutical methods. The article deals with various attributes of the biblical God, and presents different theological and philosophical interpretations of that issue by major Jewish thinkers.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 4
77-99
EN
The article considers the most important theodicean problems in Józef Życiński’s texts. The author of the article examines the issue of the existence of God and evil taking into account the following arguments: (1) the argument from God’s kenotic presence in nature, (2) the argument from an unjustified extrapolation of the feeling of absurdity, (3) argument from the limits of God’s omnipotence, which includes (3a) the argument from the price for the another direction of evolution, and (3b) the argument from transworld depravity, (4) the argument from an analogy between limitation claims in logic and mathematics and ontological determinants of suffering, (5) the argument from moral beauty, persuasion and mystery.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze wątki teodycealne zawarte w tekstach Arcybiskupa Józefa Życińskiego. Spory dotyczące istnienia Boga i zła w świecie zostają omówione z perspektywy argumentów za istnieniem Boga: (1) argumentu z kenozy Boga, (2) argumentu z nieuzasadnionej ekstrapolacji odczucia absurdu, (3) argumentu z ograniczenia wszechmocy Boga, który zawiera dwa argumenty: (3a) z ceny za inny kierunek ewolucji, oraz (3b) z deprawacji ponadświatowej, (4) argumentu z analogii między twierdzeniami limitacyjnymi w logice i matematyce a ontologicznymi uwarunkowaniami cierpienia, (5) argument z moralnego piękna, perswazji i tajemnicy.
EN
Whitehead’s position regarding God’s power is rather unique in the philosophical and theological landscape. Whitehead rejects divine omnipotence (unlike Aquinas), yet he claims (unlike Hans Jonas) that God’s persuasive power is required for everything to exist and to occur. This intriguing position is the subject of this article. The article starts with an exploration of Aquinas’ reasoning towards God’s omnipotence. This will be followed by a close examination of Whitehead’s own position, starting with an introduction to his philosophy of organism and its two-sided concept of God. Thereupon, an analysis of Whitehead’s idiosyncratic view on God’s agency will show that, according to this conception, God and the World depend upon each other, and that God’s agency is a non-coercive but persuasive power. The difference between coercion and persuasion will be explained as well as the reason why God, according to Whitehead’s conception, cannot possibly coerce. Finally, a discussion of the issue of divine almightiness will allow for a reinterpretation of divine almightiness from a Whiteheadian perspective, which will show how despite Whitehead’s rejection of God’s omnipotence, his concept retains essential elements of God as pantokrator (and thus markedly differs from Hans Jonas’ concept).
EN
The problem considered in this article concerns the relationship between the pre-scientific and philosophical knowledge of God’s attributes. The paper argues that although common sense does not experience omnipotence, omniscience and omnipresence directly in the world, it nevertheless attributes them to God. Common sense, however, cannot justify their attribution to God. The problem of justification arising from a pre-scientific cognition is dealt with, among others, by philosophers. On the one hand, this confirms the idea that philosophy corrects and complements pre-scientific cognition. On the other hand, however, it is argued that pre-scientific knowledge is sufficient to recognise and get acquainted with God’s attributes.
PL
Problem rozważany w tym artykule dotyczy relacji między zdroworozsądkowym a filozoficznym (realistycznym) poznaniem atrybutów Boga. Na przykładzie wszechmocy, wszechwiedzy i wszechobecności Boga dochodzi się do wniosku, że w oparciu o bezpośrednio daną rzeczywistość i przy zastosowaniu tylko poznania zdroworozsądkowego człowiek nie doświadcza tego rodzaju własności w świecie, lecz przypisuje je Bogu. Natomiast sam z siebie nie potrafi ich uzasadnić. Kwestią uzasadnienia problemów, powstających na gruncie poznania potocznego, zajmuje się m.in. filozofia. Dlatego przyjmuje się, że filozofia koryguje i uzupełnia poznanie przednaukowe. Jednakże dla samego orientowania się i uznania wspomnianych przymiotów Boga poznanie zdroworozsądkowe jest wystarczające.
8
51%
EN
The aim of the paper is to defend two theses: first, that the existence of chance events is compatible with God’s existence, and second, that chance might be part of divine providence. In what follows, the conjunction of the two is called “the compatibility thesis”; as will be argued, the thesis is grounded in contemporary science and in the concept of an omnipotent God, the creator of the universe. The paper is organized as follows. Section two presents the historical background and doctrinal basis of the concept of divine providence. Section three discusses the argument from chance for the non-existence of God and its critique. Section four is concerned with possible models of God’s action in the world where chance events occur. Finally, section five elaborates on the idea of God and His perfection-omnipotence, omniscience, benevolence, and sovereign will.
PL
Opatrzność Boża a przypadek w świecie Celem artykułu jest obrona dwóch tez: pierwszej, że istnienie zdarzeń przypadkowych jest do pogodzenia z istnieniem Boga oraz tezy drugiej, że przypadek może być częścią Bożej opatrzności. Koniunkcja obu powyższych tez nazwana jest w artykule tezą kompatybilizmu. Argumentacja w obronie kompatybilizmu opiera się na danych współczesnej nauki oraz na idei wszechmocnego Boga Stwórcy. Porządek argumentacji w artykule jest następujący. W części drugiej przedstawiony jest historyczny kontekst oraz podstawy doktrynalne pojęcia opatrzności. W części trzeciej omówiony jest argument za nieistnieniem Boga oparty na założeniu głoszącym istnienie zdarzeń przypadkowych w świecie oraz przedstawiona jest krytyka tego argumentu. W części czwartej prezentowane są możliwe modele działania Boga w świecie, w ramach których przyjmuje się istnienie zdarzeń przypadkowych. W części piątej i ostatniej rozważana jest idea Bożej doskonałości obejmującej takie atrybuty jak wszechmoc, wszechwiedzę, doskonałą dobroć i suwerenną wolę Bożą.
EN
The article was inspired by the tenth anniversary of the death of Archbishop Życiński and the article containing polemic with his panentheism published by Wojtysiak. Wojtysiak claims that the essence of theism is the thesis about the existential self sufficiency of God and the resulting asymmetry of his causal relationship with the world, which consists in the fact that God can exert causal influence on the world, but the world cannot influence God in this way. Since Życiński contradicts this thesis, according to Wojtysiak, his panentheism is not theism at all. I do not agree with this judgment, and what Wojtysiak calls ‘theism’ I call ‘classical theism’. Both panentheism and classical theism constitute legitimate versions of theism. Ishow that the classical theism in the version proposed by Wojtysiak is entangled in serious difficulties. One of them is that on cosmological level it harmonizes best with occasionalism, that is, with full theological determinism. Another one is connected with the thesis t that God is impassible, which deprives him of the possibility of ful filling these pro-religious functions, which are crucial for Christianity, such as God’s experiential involvement in the history of the world. I propose that the recogni tion of divine passibility be the minimum condition for any panentheism or position similar to it. Meeting this condition does not require the rejection of the thesis about the classically understood divine immutability, omnipotence or the creation of the world ex nihilo, but it is conducive to the revision of these notions. I point out that revisions proposed by Życiński in his version of panentheism were incomparably smaller than those proposed by Whitehead or especially Hartshorne, but still they cannot be treated as a minor supplement to classical theism. They constitute ver sion of panentheism or neoclassical theism, which is a much better philosophical basis for Christianity.
10
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Content available

Losowość i natura Boga

45%
PL
Dzisiejsza nauka odnotowuje liczne zjawiska, których natura wydaje się losowa. Jednakże wielu naturalistów, jak i teistów podziela przekonanie, że pojęcie losowości stoi w sprzeczności z treścią wiary chrześcijańskiej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie, że naukowa koncepcja losowości i tradycyjne chrześcijańskie ujęcie natury Boga są wzajemnie zgodne. Co więcej, zostanie pokazane, że nie da się naukowo rozstrzygnąć, czy w świecie przyrody losowość faktycznie występuje. Niemniej losowość zostanie zdefiniowana jako pojęcie matematyczne przydatne do właściwego interpretowania danych naukowych. Natomiast w myśl ujęcia powszechnie przyjmowanego przez teologów systematycznych natura Boga jest zgodna z obecnością zjawisk losowych w przyrodzie.
XX
Observations of apparently random phenomena are commonplace in science. However, randomness and Christian belief are often seen as incompatible, both by naturalists and by theists. This article argues that the scientific concept of randomness and the historic Christian understanding of God’s nature are compatible. It argues that the existence of randomness cannot be settled scientifically; nevertheless, it clarifies randomness as a mathematical concept, argues that it provides a plausible interpretation of scientific data, and argues that its existence is consistent with God’s nature as it is commonly understood by systematic theologians.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 3
187-203
EN
Dariusz Łukasiewicz’s probabilistic theism arises from a non-classical understanding of the nature of God, especially the attributes of simplicity and omnipotence. The redefinition of these attributes in terms of modern analytical philosophy means that probabilistic theism is closer to open theism than to classical theism. However, an extremely important merit of this approach is the development of a comprehensive scientific component for open theism (which is built on biblical foundations), which means that probabilistic theism enables the extension of open theism to the perspective of modern natural sciences. The fundamental meaning of probabilistic theism is not so much the reconciliation of the occurrence of accidental events with the theory of providence, but rather it gives the possibility of open theism to enter into theistic debates among contemporary scientists, not only philosophers and theologians. Without this, open theism remains within a narrow theological perspective, interesting only to Christian theologians or scientists professing the Christian worldview.
PL
Teizm probabilistyczny a tradycyjna doktryna actus purus Teizm probabilistyczny Dariusza Łukasiewicza wyrasta z nieklasycznego rozumienia natury Boga, zwłaszcza atrybutów prostoty i wszechmocy. Redefinicja tych atrybutów w kategoriach współczesnej filozofii analitycznej powoduje, że teizm probabilistyczny jest bliższy teizmu otwartego niż klasycznego teizmu. Jednak niezwykle ważną zasługą tego podejścia jest opracowanie wszechstronnego komponentu naukowego dla teizmu otwartego (który jest ciągle budowany na podstawach biblijnych), co powoduje, że teizm probabilistyczny umożliwia poszerzenie teizmu otwartego o perspektywę współczesnej nauki (współczesnych nauk przyrodniczych). Fundamentalnym znaczeniem teizmu probabilistycznego jest nie tyle pogodzenie występowania zdarzeń przypadkowych z teorią opatrzności, co raczej danie możliwości teizmowi otwartemu do wypłynięcia na szerokie wody dzisiejszych debat teistycznych, toczonych wśród współczesnych naukowców, a nie tylko wśród filozofów i teologów. Bez tego teizm otwarty pozostaje w ramach wąskiej teologicznej perspektywy, interesującej tylko dla teologów chrześcijańskich lub naukowców wyznających światopogląd chrześcijański.
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