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EN
The events in Ukraine from the turn of 2014 and 2015 showed the complexity of contemporary armed conflicts. For this reason, the war in Donbas is the subject of many scientific studies. Gradually, however, little space was devoted to the analysis focusing on the activities of special formations in the framework of the aforementioned Eastern Ukrainian conflict, hence the authors’ insights focused on the anti-terrorist dimension of the Donbas war. The aim of the article was to assess the legitimacy of ATO recognition as an anti-terrorist operation. Particularly important in this dimension is the expatriation of the participation of Ukrainian special forces in the conducted combat operations.
EN
The paper presents the discussion of novel life raft designs. The existing solutions of life rafts available on the market have many drawbacks. In Polish industry, a company having the experience in production of life rafts is Stomil Grudziadz who are now on the way to start new production of modern life rafts. The design for operation has been proposed to introduce complex approach including life raft considered as an element of Search and Rescue System. The conclusions of the paper comprise the main problems which need to be solved in novel design of a life raft - stability in waves, reduction of non-linearity of aero dynamical coefficients, solution of safe and easy entrance to the life raft, increase of thermal protection of survivors, increase of range of detection using novel materials, based on the latest achievements in nanotechnology.
EN
The central theme of my work is the International Visegrad Fund (IVF), which is the first step in the institutionalization of the Visegrad Cooperation. My goal is primarily to present the creation, goals, operation, and results of this organization, for which, I must first explain the main antecedents of the creation of the Visegrad Cooperation and the peculiarities of its operation. The Visegrad Cooperation, established in 1991, acts as an intergovernmental interest conciliation forum that has not been institutionalized. It is run by annual rotating presidencies and meetings held by epresentatives - of different levels - of the Member States, which allow it to have flexible and voluntary based cooperation and the conciliation of shared interests between the Member States before meetings of international organizations, thus acting more effectively. The primary task of the International Visegrad Fund, established in 2000, with headquarters in Bratislava, is to support cultural, educational, scientific, and research activities and mobility between the Member States, using the financial means at its disposal, which it implements primarily in various grants and scholarships. Today, it operates not only in the Visegrad region, but it formed a cooperation with other countries. Of these, it provides significant subsidies to the states of the Eastern Partnership and Western Balkans. The scope of duties of the Fund and the financial background required for this are constantly expanding, which is a good indication of the organization's success.
EN
Implementation of comprehensive approach in solving crisis situations is one of the challenges of the contemporary times. Experiences of the last two decades proved in multiple cases that crises’ counteraction can only be effective if both military and civilian capabilities have been employed, including diplomacy and various aid instruments. International organizations expect tangible results of conduct and engagement in peace-keeping and stabilization missions and operations, ensuring amelioration of the situation. A special role among civilian capabilities has been assigned to law and order forces, including police, gendarmerie and military police, more often constituting integral ele-ments of military-civilian operations or functioning in close cooperation with them. These formations can be deployed in many different ways, although they are most fre-quently used as executive, strengthening or substituting local police, or non-executive, conducting training and mentoring for the benefit of local law and order formations. As one of the most complex and multidimensional theatres of recent years, Afghan-istan is evolving, it is worth examining the subject matter of the implementation and execution of the comprehensive approach, as well as the missions and operations com-posed into the integrated effort of the international society for creation of safe and secure environment for the benefit of Afghan citizens.
EN
The term operation is in military theory and practice commonly used word. Despite appearances, that its meaning is generally clear and does not need more detailed specification, history has shown that its perception was not always identical. The reason is the fact that this concept must continuously adapt to the current state of warfare, which reflects the social conditions of the historical period. Even in present days, in time of complex security crises appear facts which point to the need to revise the meaning of that term.
EN
Due to their strategic importance, the railways were subject to particular surveillance by the state security apparatus of the Polish People’s Republic. Since 1957, the related tasks were carried out by department III of the Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa), which centered its operations on broadly understood economy issues. In 1970 and from then on, the activities of the Security Service were systematized through establishing the so-called “unit cases” for the key organizational units of the railways.
PL
Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego (SKW) jest jedną z dwóch wojskowych służb specjalnych jakie zaangażowane były w osłonę i zabezpieczenie informacyjne dla Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego (PKW) realizującego zadania mandatowe w ramach sił koalicyjnych w operacji International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) w Afganistanie. W ocenie ekspertów do spraw bezpieczeństwa oraz polityków służba ta wywiązała się wzorowo z postawionych przed nią zadań, chociaż nie brakowało słów krytyki za rzekomo popełnione błędy. Operacje z udziałem SKW lub te realizowane na podstawie przekazywanych przez nią informacji na teatrze działań wojennych w Afganistanie w okresie trwania misji ISAF pozytywnie oceniane były przez przedstawicieli sił koalicyjnych i wpłynęły na budowanie pozytywnego wizerunku Polskich Sił Zadaniowych jako wiarygodnych i profesjonalnych partnerów.
EN
Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW) is one of two military special services which were involved in the cover and security information for the Polish Military Contingent performing the tasks mandated in the framework of coalition forces (International Security Assistance Forces - ISAF) in Afghanistan. According to security experts and politicians this service complied perfectly with the tasks set before, although there was no shortage of criticism for alleged errors. Actions involving SKW or those carried out on the basis of information provided by them during the period of the ISAF mission were positively evaluated by representatives of the coalition forces and contributed to a positive image of Polish Task Force as a reliable and professional partner.
PL
Kiedy państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej w 1999 r. jednomyślnie podjęły decyzję o ustanowieniu europejskiej polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony, przystąpiły jednocześnie do tworzenia odpowiednich narzędzi, służących do jej realizacji. Zdecydowano o powołaniu organów i instytucji oraz wypracowaniu procedur, które umożliwiłyby szybkie i precyzyjne podejmowanie decyzji dotyczących planowania i prowadzenia działań w obszarze bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Od tamtego czasu Unia Europejska, a także jej polityka bezpieczeństwa i obrony przeszły szereg przeobrażeń i nadal ewoluuje. Specjaliści z zakresu nauk o bezpieczeństwie usiłują dziś udzielić odpowiedzi na istotny problem: jakie trendy charakteryzują kierunki zmian we wspólnej polityce bezpieczeństwa i obrony Unii Europejskiej? Autor, na podstawie badań i doświadczeń własnych z pracy w strukturach planowania poziomu polityczno-strategicznego Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych, analizuje bieżące trendy we wspólnej polityce bezpieczeństwa i obrony, dotyczące między innymi ewolucji unijnych organów i instytucji, procedur zarządzania kryzysowego, wdrażania podejścia zintegrowanego oraz tendencji w nowo powoływanych misjach reagowania kryzysowego. Niniejsze opracowanie jest wynikiem obszernych dyskusji i konsultacji przeprowadzonych z szerokim międzynarodowym i międzyinstytucjonalnym forum zarządzania kryzysowego. Bazuje na wywiadach i rozmowach z personelem wyższego szczebla, literaturze przedmiotu i wskazanej bibliografii.
EN
In 1999, soon after the European Union member states had decided to establish the European Security and Defence Policy, the processes of appointing adequate tools for its accomplishment also started. Decisions were made to create organs and institutions and to elaborate appropriate procedures which would enable fast and precise decision-making of planning and conduct in the field of security and defence. Since that time the European Union and its Security and Defence Policy have evolved in many aspects and are still evolving. Security researchers currently attempt to provide the answer to an important problem: what are the trends characterising changes in the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union. The author, basing on research and own experiences of work in the politico-strategic planning structures of the European External Action Service, analyses current trends in the Common Security and Defence Policy, especially regarding the evolution of the Union’s organs and institutions, crisis management procedures, implementation of comprehensive approach and tendencies in the newly-deployed missions. This material is a result of extensive discussions and consultations conducted within a broad international and interinstitutional crisis management environment. It is based on interviews with high-level subject-related personnel and the listed bibliography.
EN
The study presents the course and implementation of the measure related to the modernization of farms. The action was aimed at material aspects of agricultural support, with a view to introducing innovative changes. RDP-related measures were introduced with a one-year delay (2015), and the end of operations – due to the introduced n + 3 rule – in mid-2013. In 2015-2019, beneficiaries submitted 58.9 thousand applications for an operation such as modernization of farms, with which 28.8 thous. contracts. By 2019, over 14.1 thousand the beneficiaries were paid PLN 2 445 million, which accounted for 22.9% of the total funds allocated for this purpose.
PL
W opracowaniu przestawiono przebieg i realizację działania związanego z modernizacją gospodarstw rolnych. Działanie skierowane zostało na materialne aspekty wspomagania rolnictwa, z myślą wprowadzenia zmian innowacyjnych. Działania związane z PROW wprowadzono z rocznym opóźnieniem (2015), zaś koniec operacji – w związku z wprowadzoną zasadą n+3 - w połowie 2013 r. W latach 2015-2019 beneficjenci złożyli 58,9 tys. wniosków na operację typu modernizacja gospodarstw rolnych, z którymi zawarto 28,8 tys. umów. Do 2019 r. ponad 14,1 tys. beneficjentów wypłacono należności na kwotę 2 445 mln zł, co stanowiło 22,9% ogółu przyznanych na ten cel środków.
EN
In 1999 the European Union member states had made a unanimous decision to establish the European Security and Defence Policy. They simultaneously began to develop adequate tools serving its implementation. Decisions were made to create organs and institutions and to develop appropriate procedures which would enable fast and accurate decision-making concerning planning and conducting activities in the field of security and defence. Since that time the European Union and its crisis management capacities have undergone numerous transformations. The author, basing on research and own experiences of work in political-strategic planning structures of the European External Action Service, concisely presents trends in the European Union crisis management, which concern, among others, the evolution of the Union’s organs and institutions, crisis management procedures, implementation of comprehensive approach and trends in the newly-deployed crisis intervention missions.
PL
Kiedy państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej w 1999 r. jednomyślnie podjęły decyzję o ustanowieniu Europejskiej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony, przystąpiły jednocześnie do tworzenia odpowiednich narzędzi, służących do jej realizacji. Zdecydowano o powołaniu organów i instytucji oraz wypracowaniu procedur, które umożliwiłyby szybkie i precyzyjne podejmowanie decyzji dotyczących planowania i prowadzenia działań w obszarze bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Od tamtego czasu Unia Europejska, a także jej zdolności reagowania kryzysowego przeszły szereg przeobrażeń. Autor, na podstawie badań i doświadczeń własnych z pracy w strukturach planowania poziomu polityczno-strategicznego Europejskiej Służby Działań Zewnętrznych, zwięźle opisuje tendencje w zarządzaniu kryzysowym Unii Europejskiej, dotyczące między innymi ewolucji unijnych organów i instytucji, procedur zarządzania kryzysowego, wdrażania podejścia zintegrowanego oraz trendy w nowo powoływanych misjach reagowania kryzysowego.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the standpoint of Pope Honorius (625–638) at the early stage of the controversy over operation in Christ. Patriarch Sophronius (633/634–638) expressed his protest against the statement on one operation in Christ after it had been officially expressed in the Alexandrian Pact of unity in 633. The Pact was supported by both Sergius of Constantinople (610–638) and Emperor Heraclius (610–641). Patriarch Sergius developed his tactics in order to defend the stance of both the Church of Constantinople and the Emperor. As a result, a significant tension between both Patriarchs arose. After the confrontation between Sophronius of Jerusalem and Sergius of Constantinople, Pope Honorius (625–638) was concerned with the matter of operation in Christ. He maintained the standpoint of Sergius and became one of the implicit initiators of the Ekthesis issued by Emperor Heraclius.
Vox Patrum
|
2017
|
vol. 67
197-223
PL
Artykuł omawia kwestię zależności między monoenergizmem jako poglądem głoszącym, że w Chrystusie działa tylko natura boska, a chrystologią typu Logos-sarx. Celem artykułu jest udowodnienie, że monoenergizm był zależny od chrysto­logii skoncentrowanej na Bóstwie wcielonego Chrystusa. Logos został uznany za zasadę działającą, nawet jeśli chodzi o ludzką naturę Chrystusa, tak że ludzka wola i działanie Chrystusa były umniejszane wobec Logosu. Ten model chrystologii był rozwijany szczególnie od II wieku w pismach Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego, Orygenesa, Atanazego Aleksandryjskiego i Apolinarego z Laodycei; następnie był kontynuowany przez Cyryla Aleksandryjskiego i Sewera z Antiochii; chrys­tologia tego typu miała wpływ na Leoncjusza z Bizancjum i Teodora z Faran. Monoenergizm w VI, a następnie w VII w. rozwijał się więc na gruncie chrystolo­gii typu Logos-sarx, chociaż uznawał chalcedoński diofyzytyzm.
EN
The article discusses the question of the relation between the sixth-century Miaenergism, which is the idea of Christ having one divine-human operation, and the Logos-sarx type of Christology. The purpose of the article is to argue that the Miaenergism was dependent on the Christology centered on the divinity of incar­nate Christ. The Logos was acknowledged as the active principle even of Christ’s humanity, so that the human volition and operation of Christ was neglected in fa­vor of the Logos. This model of Christology was being developed especially from the second century in the writings of Clemens of Alexandria, Origen, Athanasius of Alexandria and Apollinarius of Laodicea; then it was continued by Cyril of Alexandria and Severus of Antioch; it also influenced Leontius of Byzantium and Theodore of Pharan. The Miaenergism of the sixth and then of the seventh century was being developed on a ground of the Logos-sarx type of Christology, although it acknowledged the Dyophysitism of Chalcedon.
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