Introduction: DNA banking is popular in many countries in the world but is little known in Poland. Purpose: Determine the knowledge and opinions of students of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Medical University of Białystok about DNA banking. Material and methods: The study comprised 108 students who volunteered to participate. Data were collected on a questionnaire that was developed by researchers. Results: Most of the students (72%) had heard of DNA banking; 53.0% from TV, 32.4 % from the Internet, 14.3% from newspapers, and 11% at the University. Of the responding students, 53.4% answered that DNA banking is ethical and beneficial. Nearly 26% decided to bank their own DNA. According to 33.5% of the students, a DNA sample is venous blood. Only 27.2% of the respondents knew that DNA banking is conducted in Poland, but none of them could name the city where the bank operates. Nearly half of the students (53.5%) reported that DNA banking is a molecular backup. Almost all the respondents (92.8%) wanted to increase their knowledge about DNA banking. Conclusion: The students' knowledge about DNA banking is poor, however almost all the respondents wanted to increase their knowledge about DNA banking. The main source of students’ knowledge about DNA banking was TV and the Internet. Nearly one-fourth of the respondents wanted to bank their own DNA.
This article deals with activities carried out by experts in general. We study the structure of an expert report based on deductive reasoning. Using their professional knowledge experts deduce from known premises(evidence) conclusions as answers to certain questions. Basic attributes of expert reports include truthfulness(correctness) and verifiability.
Introduction: Dialysis patient had experienced the fear of pain and suffering, loneliness and fear of death. The high mortality rate in these patients indicates that about one-fourth of them are in their last year of life, suggesting the presence of death and dying in the haemodialysis unit. Nephrology nurses play an important role in these patients and their families in dealing with the fear of death and accepting the reality of death. Purpose: To determine the opinions of nephrology nurses about death concept.Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study conducted among nurses. A total of 68 nurses working on the hemodialysis units of public hospitals in Turkey completed the questionnaire. The tool used in the study was the Scale of Thorson-Powell Death Anxiety, the Scale of Death Related Depression and the Scale of Attitude Towards Death and Dying Patient. The results were analyzed statistically and p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Nephrology nurses had a medium-level avoidant attitude towards dying patient and their emotional state was depressive. They experienced medium-level death anxiety, the death related anxiety and depression and avoidant attitude towards the patient were found more in female nurses compared to male nurses. The nurses who worked for 1-10 years have less DRDS scores than nurses who worked for 20 years or above. İn addition nurses had an avoidant attitude towards dying patients as their DRDS and TPDAS scores increased. Conclusions: It can be suggested that nephrology nurses should be given training on how to take care of dying patients, and the continuity of this in-service training should be ensured.
This article deals with the relationship between public opinion and rumour from ancient times, through the Middle Ages and right up to today. It will examine the terms which were used and which often depended not just on a particular author but usually an entire social class. The most often used terms to describe opinion, fama and existimatio, occurred in the speeches of politicians which were presented as the valuable opinions of the elite whereas the concepts opinio, rumor or sermo were considered as low value and unreliable opinions of plebeians to whom the ruling classes attributed the spreading and creation of rumours. The concept of fama, more often fama publica, indicated in the Middle Ages a local network of knowledge, a mechanism for the collective evaluation of an individual. In this sense it played an important role in the courts of law. The issue of rumours is common to all subsequent historical periods because public opinion usually both generated, and was supported, by rumour. The article also puts forward a hypothesis why the all-powerful fama dissapeared from the courtrooms, why it lost its significance and became purely a rumour.
The present paper is devoted to one of the methods of handwriting research, i.e. The comparative-graphic method which — owing to its versatility — is the most frequently applied in experts’ opinion-making practice. The reflections included in the text cover the issues regarding, above all, the basic assumptions of this method, requirements concerning the examined material, the course of research, experts’ problems with the criteria to draw final conclusions, as well as the difficulties faced by handwriting experts, resulting from the specific character of examined material which heavily relies on the psychophysical properties of the author of the handwriting, causing fluctuations in some circumstances, which in turn may impede the research and conclusion process. The present publication is primarily addressed to practitioners, i.e. persons who — for professional reasons — appoint handwriting experts, and evaluate the opinions issued by such experts, meaning the broadly understood judicial bodies. It can also serve as a teaching aid for students attending forensic, criminal or civil procedure courses.
W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badania jakościowo-ilościowego, przeprowadzonego w lutym 2015 roku wśród 307 pracowników z Ukrainy zatrudnionych za pośrednictwem agencji pracy tymczasowej OTTO Work Force Polska. Celem badania było ustalenie powodów, dla których Ukraińcy zdecydowali się na przyjazd zarobkowy do Polski oraz poznanie ich opinii na temat Polski i Polaków. Zastosowano dobór celowy. Respondentów do badania wybrano spośród pracowników agencji pracy tymczasowej OTTO Work Force, jednej z największych firm pośrednictwa pracy w Europie, która zatrudnia pracowników z Ukrainy od 2013 roku. Ustalono, iż głównym powodem przyjazdu do pracy badanych jest czynnik zarobkowy. W ich opinii Polska jest krajem otwartym na pracowników z Ukrainy. Część z nich czuje się jednak dyskryminowana na tle narodowościowym. Największym problem w pracy i życiu w Polsce są dla nich niedostateczna znajomość języka polskiego.
EN
In her study, the author presented findings of the qualitative and quantitative research carried out in February 2015 among 307 workers from Ukraine employed through the temporary employment agency OTTO Work Force Polska. The aim of the research was to identify the reasons, for which Ukrainians decided to come to Poland for employment purposes, and to learn their opinions of Poland and Poles. The author applied the nonprobability sampling. The respondents for the research were selected from among workers recruited by the OTTO Work Force temporary employment agency, one of the biggest recruitment agencies in Europe, which has been employing workers from Ukraine since 2013. The author ascertained that the main reason for labour trips was the work and remuneration factor. In their opinion, Poland is the country open to workers from Ukraine. However, some of them feel being discriminated on the grounds of nationality. The toughest problem in work and life in Poland is for them insufficient Polish language skills.
The paper analyzes and evaluates the responses from a sociolinguistic survey concerning capitalization in Czech. Approximately 4,100 participants utilized the opportunity to express their opinions on this matter. The expressed views varied greatly. They were often contradictory and concerned not only capitalization, but also other spelling issues or language issues in general. The paper devotes special attention to opinions on particular types of names. Most often, the participants expressed their views on geographical names, especially public places in cities. Other frequently mentioned types were company names, names of authorities and the titles of document or literary work.
The purpose of this text is to review and conduct preliminary analysis of visitor evaluations of the museum offer with particular emphasis on their views on exhibitions. This will help identify the needs of the museum guests and make an attempt to determine the mechanisms for constructing a hierarchy of the importance of their expectations regarding museum activities. The term «opinion» in the title has been used as the equivalent of a judgment that is not necessarily substantive not necessarily formulated on the basis of the knowledge of the subject. It is based on strong, first impression caused by a museum visit. The value, in turn, is defined here as something precious, in the context of the organization and in relation to what is socially expected, defined as «this should be», and what is good. This is the value that is determined by the type of social mentality, and at the same time recognizing what has the characteristics of autotelic validity. It applies to the civic, aesthetic and organizational dimension. Values take the form of not always explicitly expressed preferences, interests, norms. The value indicator is any offer assessment included in the guest notes entered in the exhibition book in Museum Varmia and Masuria in Olsztyn.
The purpose of this text is to review and conduct preliminary analysis of visitor evaluations of the museum offer with particular emphasis on their views on exhibitions. This will help identify the needs of the museum guests and make an attempt to determine the mechanisms for constructing a hierarchy of the importance of their expectations regarding museum activities. The term «opinion» in the title has been used as the equivalent of a judgment that is not necessarily substantive not necessarily formulated on the basis of the knowledge of the subject. It is based on strong, first impression caused by a museum visit. The value, in turn, is defined here as something precious, in the context of the organization and in relation to what is socially expected, defined as «this should be», and what is good. This is the value that is determined by the type of social mentality, and at the same time recognizing what has the characteristics of autotelic validity. It applies to the civic, aesthetic and organizational dimension. Values take the form of not always explicitly expressed preferences, interests, norms. The value indicator is any offer assessment included in the guest notes entered in the exhibition book in Museum Varmia and Masuria in Olsztyn.
The article examines the negative approach of Poles towards political parties and partisanship in the recent years, presenting this phenomenon as a part of wider anti-party syndrome, characterizing Polish democracy after 1989. Adapting the approach of Torcal, Gunther and Montero (2002), the author constructs a scale of the anti-partyism, based on the statements typical for anti-party discourse, assessed by respondents in three surveys conducted in 1995, 2001 and 2011. Subsequently, some explanations of anti-party attitudes are tested. The analyses demonstrate that anti-partyism in Poland is relatively durable and embraces both cultural and reactive components. Anti-party attitudes are more visible among citizens socialized during the communist period. However, the consolidation of democracy generated its “own” anti-partyism: the youngest citizens were gradually more disinclined to political parties in the period analyzed (1995–2011).
Możliwość weryfikacji wywiązywania się pracowników z ich obowiązków służbowych stanowi jedno z uprawnień pracodawcy. W odniesieniu do pracodawcy samorządowego okresowa ocena jakości pracy podwładnych to także obowiązek pracodawcy. Artykuł przedstawia analizę współczesnych rozwiązań w zakresie oceny pracowników samorządowych. Wskazuje na podstawy prawne tych działań, podmiotowy i przedmiotowy zakres oceny oraz procedury związane z jej realizacją. Ostatnia część artykułu zawiera przemyślenia i wnioski autora na temat uregulowań w omawianym zakresie.
EN
One of the employer’s right is the possibility of the verification if employees fulfil their official duties. Periodical opinion of the quality of employee’s work with reference to self - government employer is also the employer’s duty. The article shows the current analysis of solutions in the range of the opinion of the self – government employees. It shows the right bases these activities, subjective and objective range opinions and procedures connected with its realization. The last part of the article contains the author’s reflections and conclusions about the regulation in the discussed range.
In civil proceedings, experts are appointed representing different scientific areas offering wide-ranging expertise on issues requiring expert opinion. This article aims to describe the role and importance of experts in the informatics area who are appointed in civil proceedings. The contribution of expert opinions in informatics has been defined on the basis of their practical use in judicial proceedings under the rules of civil procedure. The importance of an informatics expert opinion can be seen only through the analysis of case-studies. It is possible to see on the basis of the analysis of selected rulings in which cases the courts considered it necessary to appoint an expert in informatics, and in which situations the court considered it as unjustified. The considerations elaborated upon in this article relate mainly to the type of specific information required from court experts in informatics including the purpose for which the parties requested the appointment of an expert together with the influence of the expert opinion on the content of a court ruling. Despite a limited number of years so far in appointing court experts in informatics, in line with the continued developments in technology, their contribution in civil proceedings has been growing steadily. Judges can use opinions made in this area in many cases which are drawn from a very broad range of legal and factual bases. There are more and more cases which require the involvement of court experts in informatics. The subject matter investigated by a court expert in informatics is constantly evolving and broadening in scope. It may be assumed that over time court experts in informatics will be among the most frequently appointed experts to prepare opinions in court proceedings.
Motivation: The motivation to write an article on airlines was the desire to rank them based on customer reviews and see how these reviews reflect the actual brand image. The opinions that companies collect about themselves have a very strong power when it comes to building its reputation. Aim: The aim of the study was to use digital transformation and transform raw data into specific information that expressed customer emotions to create a profile of selected airlines. A secondary goal of the article was also to check how the analyzed airlines perform in similar areas. Materials and methods: The data used for the analysis was collected from the eSky.com website and covers the 2019-2020 period. The airlines concerned by the customer reviews were LOT, Ryanair, Wizzair, Czarter, EasyJet, Lufthansa and Laudamotion. Their selection was dictated by the number of opinions necessary to conduct the analysis. The research based on the use of data mining techniques, but it should be noted that most of it uses text mining tools. Topic modelling was used to prepare the data properly and assign each word to groups with similar themes. In order to obtain information whether a given opinion has a positive, negative or neutral tenor, sentiment analysis was used. The final part of the analysis was based on the net sentiment score indicator. The entire analysis was carried out in the R-Studio. Results: The most common subjects of opinions written by customers were "delay", "service", "boarding" and "airline". It was confirmed that the opinions of each airline concern different topics, although some common topics were noticeable. Two topics were repeated among the 7 analyzed airlines: "service" and "delay". Based on the sentiment analysis, for the Ryanair airline the percentage of negative opinions was highest and equal to 35%, almost 40%, of neutral opinions fell on the WizzAir airline and the largest percentage of positive feedback, as much as 46%, was attributed to EasyJet. EasyJet line looks the best in the eyes of customers. The line that evoked uniformly positive, negative and neutral emotions in the opinions was Ryanair.
The aim of the article is to present the theoretical foundations underlying our didactic work, part of the European project DECLAME’FLE, and its objectives. The proposed reflection concerns the possibility of developing reading practices in FL among readers who are learners of French as a foreign language. The chosen approach exploits the concept of so-called literary reading, oriented towards a theoretical-aesthetic analysis of the text. In the school context, this analysis and interpretation is usually done in dialogue with other readers. However, in the case of personal reading, the reader-learner chooses their texts freely and is not supervised in the activity. We argue that media resources can be an effectively used by learners in their reading and in the analytical and reflective tasks that follow. Based on observation categories from discourse analysis and with reference to research on literary reading, we propose exercises for (future) teachers of French as a foreign language. Their aim is to model the reading of journalist and popular critical discourse in order to draw information from it about the book, the author and the presence of the book in the public space, observe the discourse strategies used and integrate them, in order to be able to talk about reading experiences and make presentations of appreciation of texts.
W prawie polskim dopuszczono możliwość zasięgnięcia opinii biegłych, innych osób mających wiadomości specjalne oraz wyspecjalizowanych instytucji, a także przewidziano możliwość zlecenia niektórych czynności specjalistom. Są to odmienne instytucje procesowe, o różnych kompetencjach i wymaganych kwalifikacjach oraz różnych uprawnieniach. Poprawne scharakteryzowanie roli tych podmiotów oraz wymagań, jakie się im stawia, pozwala na ocenę wartości dowodowej sporządzanej opinii czy czynności z ich udziałem. W pracy omówiono wymagania, jakie powinny spełniać podmioty wydające opinie oraz działające jako specjaliści. Wskazano też, jakie są kryteria oceny efektów pracy wymienionych podmiotów.
EN
Allowed under Polish law is the opportunity to consult experts and other persons or specialized institutions having special knowledge, as well as provides the possibility of outsourcing certain tasks to specialists. These are the different procedural institutions, with different competence and required skills as well as various privileges. The correct characterization of the role of these entities and requirements, which they pursue, allows the assessment of the probative value of opinions or activities involving them. The work discusses the requirements to be fulfilled by bodies issuing opinions and acting as specialists. The criteria for evaluating the effects of the work of these entities is also indicated.
Rozwój mediów społecznościowych sprawił, że stały się one powszechnie wykorzystywanym narzędziem marketingowych public relations w komunikacji z konsumentami. Celem rozważań jest ukazanie korzyści, które mogą wynikać z zaangażowania przedsiębiorstw w komunikację na forum mediów społecznościowych, jak i zagrożeń dla skuteczności działań z zakresu marketingowych public relations. Bezpośrednimi odbiorcami działań komunikacyjnych są konsumenci, jednak w marketingowych public relations ważni są także odbiorcy pełniący rolę przekaźników komunikatu – dziennikarze i liderzy opinii. Stąd też rozważania dotyczą tych trzech grup adresatów marketingowych public relations.
EN
Development of social media has turned them into the commonly used tool of marketing public relations and communication with consumers. The article aims to show the benefits that may result from the companies’ commitment to communicate on the social media forum, as well as threats to the effectiveness of activities in the field of marketing public relations. The recipients of the communication activities are consumers, but marketing public relations are also important in influencing transmitters of the companies’ message - journalists and opinion leaders. That is why considerations relate to these three target groups of marketing public relations.
RU
Развитие социальных медиа привело к тому, что они стали общеиспользуемым орудием маркетинговых public relations в общении с потребителями. Цель рассуждений – указать выгоды, которые могут вытекать из включения предприятий в общение на форуме социальных медиа, а также угрозы для действенности работы в области маркетинговых public relations. Непосредственные адресаты этих действий – потребители, но в маркетинговых public relations важны также адресаты, исполняющие роль передатчиков информации: журналисты и лидеры мнения. Потому рассуждения касаются этих трех групп адресатов маркетинговых public relations.
The paper describes the basis of the Rule of Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) datascape environment present in the community of monks living in the monastery and the ways of acquiring information. The primary source of information for them was another man, especially a monk, and contact with the laity much they confine.Important information for them was verbal, which is transmitted by word and non-verbal information, transmitted gesture and posture. They used the word only in exceptional circumstances and with dignity. Also conveyed his command charged with words, but Cenobites were obliged to listen to him in silence. If you need anything, it’s more likely to be expressed by the movements of the body. Information plays an important role in the educational process, which is facilitated by the introduction of the discipline in the monastery. Abbots used the information for teaching and imparting knowledge, but the monks did not take an active role, but rather passively absorb everything supervisor told them. In exceptional cases, they can express their views, such as the common meeting. Monks depend primarily on the spiritual peace, hence they try to create the environment around them organized. Disinformation in them did not exist, because often they read the Rule and thus keep gaining knowledge about behavior. They knew so well their duties and rights and follow the top-down schedule.
Udział w przesłuchaniu małoletniego oraz wydanie opinii psychologicznej dotyczącej jego zeznań jest niewątpliwie jednym z najtrudniejszych zadań stojących przed biegłym psychologiem. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd pułapek – miejsc, które wydają się szczególnie trudne dla biegłego psychologa i w których łatwo o popełnienie błędu, przeoczenie istotnych danych lub błędną interpretacje uzyskanych informacji. Autorzy zilustrowali je przykładami pochodzącymi z rzeczywistych spraw oraz wypunktowali zalecenia, o których na danym etapie przesłuchania lub tworzenia opinii warto pamiętać. W podsumowaniu przedstawili i omówili ogólniejsze rekomendacje, które mogłyby poprawić jakość opinii psychologicznych dotyczących zeznań małoletniego świadka. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zarówno udział w przesłuchaniu dziecka, jak i przygotowanie opinii wymaga od biegłego wysoce specjalistycznych wiedzy i umiejętności. Autorzy mają nadzieję, że niniejszy artykuł będzie wkładem do dalszej dyskusji nad poprawą jakości zarówno przebiegu przesłuchania małoletniego, jak i samej opinii psychologicznej.
EN
Participation in the interrogation of a minor witness and preparation of an expert opinion about his/her testimony is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks for a forensic psychologist. This article presents an overview of ‘traps’ – places that seem to be particularly difficult for an expert psychologist, where it is easy to make a mistake, overlook important data, or misinterpret the obtained information. The authors illustrated these places with examples from real cases and listed recommendations that should be kept in mind at a given stage of the interrogation and during the preparation of an expert opinion. In the end, more general recommendations, that could the quality of psychological expert opinions regarding the child witness testimony, are given and discussed. There is no doubt that participation in a child interrogation and preparation of an expert opinion requires highly specialized knowledge and skills. The authors hope that the presented article will be a contribution to further discussion on the improvement of the quality of the child interrogation and the psychological expert opinion itself.
В статье обсуждаются последние исследовательские и дидактические вызовы, которые стоят перед статистикой в ситуации быстро повышающихся возможностей сборки и обработки данных (Big Data), а также более доминирующего в социальной и экономической жизни численного описания реальности. Эти новые явления и тенденции должны поощрять статистиков принимать меры по повышению статистических знаний общества, необходимых для критической оценки и правильной интерпретации результатов статистических обследований.
EN
The article discusses recent research and educational challenges faced by the statistics in the world of fast-growing possibilities of collecting and processing data (Big Data) and the increasingly dominant in social and economic life numerical description of reality. These new phenomena and trends should encourage statisticians’ environment to take action of improving society statistical knowledge needed to critically evaluate and correct interpretation of the survey results.
PL
W artykule omówiono najnowsze wyzwania badawcze i dydaktyczne, jakie stoją przed statystyką w obliczu szybko rosnących możliwości gromadzenia i przetwarzania danych (Big Data) oraz coraz bardziej dominującego w życiu społecznym i ekonomicznym liczbowego opisu rzeczywistości. Te nowe zjawiska i tendencje powinny skłonić środowisko statystyków do podejmowania działań na rzecz podniesienia w społeczeństwie wiedzy statystycznej, niezbędnej do krytycznej oceny i poprawnej interpretacji wyników badań statystycznych.