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EN
The paper shows that in the early stages of the process of social and political modernization of the ideological sphere acquires special characteristics that distinguish it from both the traditional ways of political legitimacy, and on the ideological communication typical of the established competitive democracies. Ideological process in the country following the path of catch-up modernization, characterized by weak association between the most popular concepts and ideological interests of major groups. Dominated by issues related to the creation of new political institutions, and, in general, the question of power, and not the problem of justification of specific management strategies.
EN
The causes and consequences of the political conflict model formation of relations between the government and the parliamentary opposition in Slovakia in the 90th years of the twentieth century have been analyzed in the article. Internal and external factors that influenced this formation were elucidated. The forms of political opposition institutionalization, the potential and the effectiveness of coalition politic were substantiated. The contradictory nature of the relationships between the government and the opposition are considered in the context of increasing authoritarian tendencies, destabilizing of democracy and weakening of inter-party competition. The weakening of inter-party competition in the early 90s and coming to power of V. Meciar strengthened the authoritarian tendencies and led to minimizing of the parliamentary opposition influence and reducing its control functions. Low level of consensus between the government and opposition parties was observed. This allows to talk about the construction of a conflict model of interaction between the government and the opposition. The relationships between the government and the political opposition was largely depended on the personal factor. Personification of policy in Slovakia clearly seen in the person of V. Meciar. He played a dominant role in politic. The conflicts between him and his main opponents led to the polarization of political life in Slovakia. Curtailment of democratic processes and the slowdown the process of European integration in the country led to the unification of the efforts of the parliamentary and extra-parliamentary forms of political opposition. This resulted to the creation of a new institutional framework. The political opposition has been greatly strengthened by NGOs. Non-party subjects of opposition activities were integrating center for opposition parties. Significant role in increasing of political subjectivity of opposition played the EU. Only since 1998 in Slovakia the practice of democratic change of parties in power was restored. This created the conditions for eliminating the consequences of V. Meciar illiberal regime, implementation of European integration policy and economic reforms.
PL
Motywem przewodnim prezentowanego dwudziestego ósmego tomu Studiów Politologicznych są zagadnienia polityczne występujące w przestrzeni wschodnioeuropejskiej. Przestrzeń wschodnioeuropejska, pomimo podobnych doświadczeń politycznych, pozostaje nadal, co – przynajmniej częściowo – zostaje odwzorowane w prezentowanych tekstach, sferą polimorficzną, z wielością odmiennych tradycji, interesów oraz uwarunkowań politycznych, społecznych i ekonomicznych. Na ten stan rzeczy wpływają procesy standaryzacji i integracji. Z jednej strony są to przede wszystkim standardy systemu Rady Europy. Tworzą one przestrzeń podobnego myślenia i zachowania w ramach relacji jednostka – władza publiczna. Z drugiej strony są to procesy integracyjne, charakteryzujące się różnymi wektorami integracji. Obok odwoływania się, a czasem przyjmowania wartości Unii Europejskiej, obserwujemy równie dynamiczne budowanie konkurencyjnych systemów zbliżania i integracji państw poradzieckich. Cechą znamienną integracji przestrzeni poradzieckiej jest bowiem wielość konfiguracji realizowanej współpracy. Inaczej przebiega ona na płaszczyźnie polityki celnej, gospodarczej, naukowej czy zagranicznej.
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