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EN
Attempts of explaining the Catholic doctrine of original sin in the light of the theory of evolution are important in the interdisciplinary dialogue between theology and natural sciences. Solutions, proposed by theologians, can be divided into three main groups. Initially the dominating concepts justified monogenism (Adam as the only origin of humanity), while taking the neutral position towards natural sciences, and basing on conclusions drawn from the doctrinal teaching of the Church and biblical exegesis (e.g. young K. Rahner, L. Scheffczyk). In the 60s of the twentieth century, there were studies which were open to natural sciences and the evolutionary vision of the world. There were attempts of reconciling polygenism (a primary community instead of an indi-vidual Adam) with the dogma of original sin, while respecting the indivisible source of the origi-nal sin (late K. Rahner, Z. Alszeghy, M. Flick, R. Schwager). Concurrently, there were theologi-cal suggestions which under the influence of interdisciplinary dialogue gave up on monogenism, individual sinner, and any first sinful community (P. Teilhard de Chardin).
EN
This is a non-contradictory with the concept of turning from virtual values towards the spiritual ones [as per Andrzej Grzegorczyk] and perhaps a bold interpretation of the mainstream myth of the Book of Genesis. In an immediate dimension, it is a reminder of the Conjectural Beginning of Human History, where, based on the concept of conviviality, Kant describes man’s striding and inexorable departure from the condition of an animal nature. The increase in the freedom of the rational being-in-the-world comes at the expense of the development of particular human persons subjected to the antinomy of guilt and the work of self-perfection.  We speak of the progress as if it was permitted by God – would Grzegorczyk say, but now made on one’s own and requiring responsibility: the drama of existence. The myth of original sin is therefore at the same time a genealogy of morality, not just of punishment. This means opening of the gates of the world of freedom but of spiritual struggle, too. The latter is divine – God also relaxed after the act of creation and did not see it as a punishment as He made a self-sacrifice in His creations. Hence, in Laborem exercens, there is the idea of a man being God’s collaborator in the process of creating the world.
EN
The paper points to a hitherto not recognized quotation from Galen in the Old Church Slavonic Life of S. Cyril of the 9th century (chapter XI, 15) which demonstrates the Galenic maxim “contraria contrariis curentur”. The Galenic argument is brought forth by the Christian philosopher Cyril in a discussion with Jewish theologians. The paper firstly demonstrates that the author of VC does not only enrich Cyril’s speech with allusions to Biblical formulations but makes also the Jewish interlocutors use a direct quotation from Paul’s Epistle to the Colossians. The Christian and Jewish arguments complement each other leading to the ultimate Christian answer that Christ is the real physician to heal body and soul. In contextualizing the findings and pointing to another passage of Vita Cyrilli the paper shows, that the metaphor of “Christ, the physician” both times occurs in a context, where the Original sin is the main topic. Finally, the paper is concerned with the rhetoric of the metaphor and the limits of what can be possibly expressed by it. The ultimate healing in a Christian sense is expressed in the faith into bodily resurrection and thus transcends the comparison with concrete physical therapy. In contrast to concrete bodily health the qualities of a “body of the resurrection” cannot be positively named and thus are designated by the metaphor of “enjoying the fruit” in the heavens.
Teologia w Polsce
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2020
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vol. 14
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issue 2
123-149
EN
Original sin has destroyed human nature. Man redeemed by Christ is constantly suffering the consequences of this corruption. However, observing modern society, one can get the impression that many thinkers and scientists do not seem to understand what the consequences of original sin are, and thus fall into too optimism. This optimism was called by the author anthropological optimism. Presenting three manifestations of this optimism, the author sought the answer to the question whether the science of original sin somehow influences its understanding and whether it can help to assess this optimism. Using the methods available to him, the author came to the conclusion that the current of his thought contradicts the science of original sin, which constitutes its falsehood. It follows that the practical application of anthropological optimism can lead to humiliation of the dignity of the human person, unsustainable human development, and the establishment of rights incompatible with the proper human dignity. The author finally notes that the current social situation, which is largely due to the practical use of the idea of anthropological optimism, requires constant deepening and courageous opposition to it.
EN
The Christian “Lifetree” seems to be often omitted today in its fundamental role as the one, which brings us Christ’s redemption. As for Christians the “Lifetree” is the cross, Jesus Christ itself, His torment and resurrection, redemption of human from the original sin, and thereby giving him the eternal life. This way-in purely general terms- could be answered the question: what signifies the term “Lifetree” for Christians. However in order to explain it rightly, we need to relay on the Holy Scripture and look at its beginning, at Genesis, which explained us the world formerly an today - unfortunately - tends to be seen as fairy tale, which should moralize the human and teach him to obey God. No wonder, that the human has lost his ability to understand the reality and like by snake deceived Eve in paradise, is confused. Jesus said: “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me” (J 14,6). However today-in the modern world involved in sin-this Truth is being questioned increasingly in its essential value.
EN
Christian de Duve, a Nobel Prize winner who recently has passed away, gave offered a “scientific” perspective on the issue of the negative consequences of the human evolutionary success. He saw the obvious weakness of the human nature, which turns out to be a result of the natural selection modifications and an adapta- tion to changing environmental conditions, as a tendency to auto-destructive behaviours inscribed in our genes. For this purpose he borrowed the Theological term of original sin. This paper presents the natural-science concept of the original sin created by Christian de Duve and evaluates the prospective interest it might have for philosophers and theologians. 
PL
Christian de Duve, zmarły niedawno laureat nagrody Nobla, podał propozycję „naukowego” spojrzenia na zagadnienie negatywnych konsekwencji ewolucyjnego sukcesu człowieka. Wyraźną słabość ludzkiej natury, która okazuje się być efektem zmian wynikających z działania doboru naturalnego i przystosowania się do zmieniających się warunków środowiskowych, zinterpretował jako zapisane w genach skłonności do zachowań destrukcyjnych. Na ich określenie użył zapożyczonego z teologii pojęcia „grzechu pierworodnego”. W niniejszym artykule prezentujemy przyrodniczą koncepcję „grzechu pierworodnego” Christiana de Duve’a oraz staramy się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy ta propozycja może okazać się intere- sująca dla filozofów i teologów.
EN
The article discusses the dignity and the vocation of women as seen by Saint Teresa Benedict of the Cross (Edith Stein). When God created of the man and the woman he gave them three tasks: being his image, populating the Earth and having the dominion over it. The woman has a greater gift, which is having custody of people, rather than of fighting. The original sin entered the human nature and weakened it but did not destroy it completely. The woman’s relationship with the man has changed. The woman, unsure of her dignity, strives to gain it by fighting with the man. The deepest desire of the female heart is, however, to love and to belong entirely to the loved one. The nature of women, though hurt by the original sin, can be reborn submitting to God. That does not mean that all women must become nuns but that each of them must become “the servant of the Lord”. The paradigm of it is the Mother of God. Mary is an example of three crucial virtues: obedience, trust, and the common life with the husband. The deepest feminine desire, when the woman can forget about herself and have her heart open to the needs and the suffering of others, can be achieved only in Eucharistic communion with Jesus.
The Biblical Annals
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 2
301-326
PL
Translating the Bible has never been an easy task, least of all at the times of theological controversy. A New Latin translation by Erasmus of Rotterdam, executed on the eve of the Reformation, met much criticism on philological and theological level. Franciscus Titelmans, a young, Franciscan scholar from Leuven, addressed in his Collationes quinque numerous issued regarding the translation of the Epistle to the Romans. This article focuses on Romans 5:12. Titelmans claimed that Erasmus’s translation of this verse threatened the dogma of original sin and promoted the resurgence of Pelagianism. The article analyses his arguments showing that although he was not entirely alien to philology, he relied more on the Church Fathers and the authority of the Church in his translation. Philological and logical arguments served only as auxiliary proofs for the meaning that had been established by patristic commentaries. Consequently, this debate mirrors diverse attitudes of both scholars. The Humanist opted for sound philology, even if it resulted in questionable theological statements, the Franciscan for sound theology, even if it led to imperfect philological choices. Although specific arguments of this debate are outdated and hardly relevant to modern-day biblical studies, divergent attitudes of its protagonists are well reflected in current debates, making it worth
EN
The article is an attempt to present the personalistic interpretation of the original sin. The subject matter connected with the sin of our Primogenitors is complex and multidimentional, it requires a systematic analysis conducted from different perspectives. Due to several charges leveled against the doctrine of protological sin in late 20th century, new propositions for the interpretation of this issue have emerged. The subject of this analysis is a personalistic approach to the issue presented in three paragraphs: 1) The mystery of human evil (mysterium iniquitatis), 2) A drama of the fall of the first people and 3) A theological analysis of structural elements of the original sin.
10
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EN
The lecture deals with the peculiarity of the anthropology of Eastern Christians, which in broad outline is already present in the writings of many Greek Fathers. It consists especially in considering state of divine grace as divinisation (théôsis) of man. Its other distinctive features are real diff erence between image and likeness of God and threefold composition of man, according to Platonic expression of saint Paul: „your spirit and soul and body” (1 Thess 5, 23). Because Greek anthropology basicly agrees with Latine doctrine and in the new orthodox theology it obtains more and more attention, it seems that exchange of ideas in this field between Western and Eastern theologians is advisable, also in order to facilitate their dialogue on the main subjects.
Nurt SVD
|
2015
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issue 2
29-55
PL
W artykule podjęto kwestię islamskiej krytyki chrześcijańskiej soteriologii. W pierwszej części zwrócono uwagę na niewystarczalność soteriocentryzmu (J. Hick), ignorującego głębokie różnice między religiami. Kolejna część prezentuje motywy, jakie skłaniają islam do odrzucenia chrześcijańskiej soteriologii. Są nimi radykalny monoteizm, w którym nie ma miejsca na ideę wcielenia i odkupienia, oraz koncepcja człowieka, wolnego od grzechu pierworodnego i jego skutków. W trzeciej części przedłożenia zaprezentowano krótką apologię chrześcijańskiej nauki o zbawieniu/odkupieniu, zwracając uwagę na wielość modeli soteriologicznych oraz różnorodność interpretacji grzechu pierworodnego. Wyeksponowanie soteriologii Anzelma z Canterbury znalazło uzasadnienie w jego dyskusji z islamem oraz dowartościowaniu ludzkiej wolności. We wnioskach zwrócono uwagę na konieczność współpracy teologii religii z innymi naukami religiologicznymi. Postawiono też pytanie o genezę unitarnego monoteizmu w Koranie (ewentualne wpływy wczesnego, monarchianistycznego chrześcijaństwa w Syrii – Ch. Luxenberg, K.H. Ohlig i inni) oraz o zasadność posługiwania się kategorią „słowa Bożego”, którą ten typ monoteizmu zdaje się wykluczać.
EN
The article presents an overview of the Islamic criticism of the Christian soteriology. It begins with pointing out some deficits in the soteriocentrism (J. Hick), with its glossing over serious differences between religions. Next it presents the motives behind Islam’s objection to the Christian soteriology, such as radical monotheism with its utter rejection of the idea of the incarnation and redemption, and its concept of man, reportedly free from the original sin and its consequences. The third part of the article is a brief apology of the Christian teaching on salvation and redemption. It draws attention to the fact that there is not one but many soteriological models and interpretations of the original sin. The soteriology of Anselm of Canterbury merits particular attention for his discussion with Islam and insistence on human freedom. The article concludes with an appeal to the theology of religion to work closely with other branches of religious studies. It postulates an inquiry into the genesis of the unitarian monotheism in the Qur’an and possible influence of the monarchianism in Syria on its formation (Ch. Luxenberg, K.H. Ohlig, and others). It also questions the legitimacy of referring to it as the Word of God, since this particular type of monotheism seems to exclude it in the first place.
EN
The article Between Uselessness and Inculpating. The Functions of the Concept of the Original Sin in the Modern Catholic Thought concentrates on the meaning of original sin in the thought of the pope John Paul II. On one hand the concept of original sin seems to be useless since it is not used as an argument in the reflection on the concrete human suffering in the main document dealing with this topic, Salvifici doloris. The author discovers, however, that the concept of original sin may play a major role in the process of inculpating human beings. In this sense its function is similar to the concept of redemptive suffering that is the most important explanation of human suffering according to Salvifici doloris. The function of the latter is to change traditional meaning of the theodicy by creating a basis for what may be called “anthropodicy”, which is a tendency to accuse and justify man in the face of suffering in the world. In uncomfortable points of Christian doctrine absolute creativity of God is unexpectedly replaced by the powerful creativity of man.
13
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EN
The article briefly presents the meaning of “original sin” in the models of anthropogenesis (and the genesis of culture) in the historiosophical writings of German philosophers, such as Kant, Schiller, Schelling and others. The analysis focuses on the normative character of proposed hypotheses (as answers to questions concerning the source of evil, the origin of humanity and culture). It is also possible (although in a very limited scope) to trace a certain interpretative tendency to change the strictly model and normative use of the assumption of “original sin” into a description of the supposed real primitive state of human kind.
PL
W artykule w skrócie ukazane zostaje znaczenie „grzechu pierworodnego” w modelach antropogenezy (oraz genezy kultury) w historiozoficznych pismach niemieckich filozofów (I. Kant, F. Schiller, F. W. J. Schelling i inni). Analizy koncentrują się na normatywnym charakterze stawianych hipotez (w odpowiedzi na pytanie o źródło zła, o początek człowieczeństwa, o początek kultury). Możliwe jest również, chociaż w bardzo ograniczonym zakresie, ukazanie pewnej tendencji interpretacyjnej, która ze ściśle modelowego i norm atywnego użycia założenia „grzechu pierworodnego” przechodzi do opisu domniemanego realnego stanu początkowego.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
149-159
PL
Wśród różnych ujęć grzechu pierworodnego można odnaleźć i takie, których osią jest radykalna negacja powołania do wdzięczności za dobro, którym człowiek został obdarzony w akcie stworzenia. W tym kluczu charakter nowej egzystencji człowieka może być ujęty jako nieeucharystyczny lub antydoksologiczny. Niniejszy tekst podejmuje próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaka treść kryje się pod tymi określeniami.
EN
The given study attempts to describe two interpretations of original sin that can be understood as negation of gratitude. The fi rst one was suggested by an orthodox theologian Alexander Schmemann and emphasises the “noneucharistic” character of the world after original sin. The second term “antidoxology” is present in the writings of Brian Brock who is an Anglican theologian. Despite the fact that these two terms have denominationally diversifi ed background, they try to express a common idea: Adam and Eva were called to show gratitude for the received reality but they rejected the fundamental vocation of their existence.
15
63%
Polonia Sacra
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 2
EN
In the twentieth century, a number of research activities were undertaken, the purpose of which was to find evidence, indicating the existence of life in space. These activities can also be the subject of theological reflection. The field of this reflection is filled with two trends of thought. The first one is purely hypothetical, since the evidence for the existence of life has not been discovered yet. The second area of reflection is more real and focuses, for example, on the sense of searching for other civilizations, whether human existence is something special in the universe, or is it a longing for a different, higher form of civilization is it not an expression of the eternal longing for perfection and for immortal life?
PL
W XX wieku podjęto wiele działań badawczych, których celem było znalezienie dowodów wskazujących na istnienie życia w kosmosie. Działania te mogą być także przedmiotem refleksji teologii. Pole tej refleksji wypełniają dwa nurty myślenia. Pierwsze jest czysto hipotetyczne, jako że dowodów na istnienie życia dotąd nie odkryto. Druga przestrzeń refleksji jest bardziej realna i koncentruje się np. na sensie poszukiwania innych cywilizacji: czy ludzkie istnienie jest czymś wyjątkowym we wszechświecie, czy tęsknota na inną, wyższą formą cywilizacji nie jest wyrazem odwiecznej tęsknoty za doskonałością i pragnieniem życia nieśmiertelnego?
Polonia Sacra
|
2014
|
vol. 18
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issue 4
EN
The addressee of the biblical texts speaking of Adam’s sin and its consequences for humanity, are the people living already under its influence. In the beginning the Revelation sets the perspective of the Redemption of man afflicted with original sin. Precisely speaking, such perspective is the key to interpretation of the revealed reality. The prospect of Redemption leads to Christ. Through Adam’s sin human nature was deprived of sanctifying grace, and certain gifts involved the original state. Man still is the image and likeness of God, original sin however limits its clarity of that fundamental attribute of humanity created by God, and it puts man on the waiting road for the coming of his Redeemer. The Christian concept of death is not limited merely to its inevitability and universality, and to strict relationship with sin and disobedience. Christ shed new light on its mystery. In that light death appears to be an instrument of salvation, and a commitment to life as the execution of the will of God in the name of obedience. Human nature determines the “order of creation” and it forms close relationship with the reality of the image of God. That “Trinitarian understanding” of His image involves a category of gift, by which man and woman become one in communio personarum. The original sin has not destroyed that structure. The history of man and woman is a record of the saving completion of “spousal” meaning of the human body. The principle of that record is the image of God in man, and its depth affects the secrets of the human heart.
PL
Adresatami tekstów biblijnych mówiących o grzechu Adama i jego skutkach dla całej ludzkości są ludzie żyjący już pod jego wpływem. Od początku objawienie wyznacza perspektywę odkupienia dla człowieka dotkniętego grzechem pierworodnym. Właśnie ta perspektywa jest kluczem interpretacyjnym objawionej rzeczywistości. Perspektywa odkupienia prowadzi do Chrystusa. Przez grzech Adama ludzka natura została pozbawiona łaski uświęcającej oraz pewnych darów wiążących się ze stanem pierwotnym. Człowiek wciąż jest obrazem Boga i jest do Niego podobny, ale grzech pierworodny ogranicza wyrazistość tej fundamentalnej właściwości ludzkości stworzone przez Boga, a człowieka stawia na drodze oczekiwania na przyjście jego Odkupiciela. Chrześcijańska koncepcja śmierci nie ogranicza się jedynie do jej nieuchronności i powszechności oraz ścisłego związku z grzechem i nieposłuszeństwem. Chrystus rzucił nowe światło na jej tajemnicę. W świetle tym śmierć jawi się jako narzędzie zbawienia, a oddanie życia jako wykonanie Bożej woli w imię posłuszeństwa. Natura człowieka jest wyznacznikiem „porządku stworzenia” i tworzy ścisły związek z rzeczywistością Bożego obrazu. Z jego „trynitarnym rozumieniem” wiąże się kategoria daru, poprzez który mężczyzna i kobieta w communio personarum stają się jednością. Grzech pierworodny nie zniszczył tego układu. Historia mężczyzny i kobiety jest zapisem zbawczego dopełniania się „oblubieńczego” znaczenia ludzkiego ciała. Podstawą tego zapisu jest obraz Boży w człowieku, a jego głębia dotyka tajników ludzkiego serca.
EN
The problem of the hope of salvation of children who died prematurely without baptism has been present since the beginning of Christianity. Some of the Fathers of the Eastern and Western Church dealt with it, but, over the centuries, the question has never been definitively resolved because theologians have not been able to resolve all doubts when confronted with a mystery that transcends the human mind. In recent years, after the Second Vatican Council, the view on the destiny of such children has been revised, and theologians have presented arguments that allow for the hope of full happiness in the kingdom of heaven for these children. The first document that can be identified and clearly marks a change in such a theological view is the Code of Canon Law. While it mentions the necessity of baptism for salvation, the legislator does not speak of “absolute necessity.” It allows “baptism of desire,” and our article shows that this includes situations in which parents express that desire before giving birth to their children. Subsequent documents of the Church confirm this development of theological thought and thus justify the existence of the Christian hope of salvation for children who have not received the sacrament of baptism for various reasons. This article presents the arguments of the International Theological Commission and attempts to deepen and justify this theological thought. This problem is not only a theological reflection on the issue but also constitutes the daily life of the faithful who have been affected by such a tragedy and to whom the Church should give hope in their situation.
PL
Problematyka nadziei na zbawienie dzieci, które przedwcześnie zmarły bez chrztu, jest obecna od początku chrześcijaństwa. Zajmowali się nią niektórzy ojcowie Kościoła zarówno wschodniego, jak i zachodniego. Jednak w ciągu wieków kwestia ta nigdy nie została definitywnie rozstrzygnięta, ponieważ teolodzy w swojej refleksji nie byli w stanie rozwiązać wszystkich wątpliwość. Stawali przed tajemnicą, która przewyższa ludzki umysł. W ostatnich latach, po Soborze Watykańskim II, pogląd na temat losu takich dzieci został zrewidowany, a teolodzy przedstawiają argumenty, które pozwalają mieć nadzieję na pełne szczęście w królestwie niebieskim tych dzieci. Pierwszym dokumentem, który w wyraźny sposób dostrzega zmianę takiego poglądu teologicznego, jest Kodeks prawa kanonicznego. Chociaż jest tam mowa o konieczności chrztu do zbawienia, to jednak prawodawca nie mówi o „absolutnej konieczności”. Dopuszcza „chrzest pragnienia”, a celem tego artykułu jest wykazanie, że troszczy się również o to, by rodzice takie pragnienie wyrażali przed urodzeniem swoich dzieci. Kolejne dokumenty Kościoła potwierdzają taki rozwój myśli teologicznej, a co za tym idzie, uzasadniają istnienie chrześcijańskiej nadziei zbawienia dla dzieci, które nie otrzymały sakramentu chrztu z różnych przyczyn. Artykuł nie przedstawia tylko argumentów Międzynarodowej Komisji Teologicznej, ale jest próbą pogłębienia i uzasadnienia tej myśli teologicznej. Problem ten jest bowiem nie tylko refleksją teologiczną nad zagadnieniem, ale także stanowi codzienność wiernych, którzy zostali dotknięci taką tragedią, a którym Kościół powinien dać nadzieję.
EN
Maximus the Confessor points out that Adam’s sin totally changed the mode of existence of human nature, which has since been proliferated via procreation involving sensual pleasure. The focus on sensual pleasure is the prima­ry consequence of Adam’s sin. Sensual experiences are not sinful as such though they are particularly vulnerable to Satan’s temptations. It is particularly dangerous when our will is weakened and inclined to choose evil. That is why Maximus links pleasure with suffering and death which are consequences of Adam’s turning to pleasure – pleasure which at the same time caused his separation from God. Despite of passibility, corruption of will and death, which directly affect human nature, there are other consequences of Adam’s sin that involve the universe as a whole. These are five divisions which destroy harmony in the cosmos: the di­vision between man and woman, created and uncreated, sensual and intelligible, earth and heaven, settled world and paradise.
Vox Patrum
|
2013
|
vol. 60
111-122
EN
The article surveys the teaching of Gaudentius on anthropology and especially on the Creation of human being and his primordial fall. The doctrine of St. Gaudentius recalls that of the Fathers, since he was de­pending on them and at the same time he had an influence on their works, so he can be inserted in a theological sequence: Origen (ca. 185-254), Basil of Caesarea (329-379), Gregory of Nyssa (335-395), Ambrose (339-397), Evagrius Ponticus (345-399), Philastrius (died ca. 397), Gaudentius (died 410), Augustine of Hippo (354-430), John Cassian (360-435), Quodvultdeus (died 454). The anthropological teaching of St. Gaudentius is an essential part of the wider Patristic Tradition, from which he takes exegetical elements, while at the same time providing many original insights.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2015
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
149-159
EN
The given study attempts to describe two interpretations of original sin that can be understood as negation of gratitude. The first one was suggested by an orthodox theologian Alexander Schmemann and emphasises the “noneucharistic” character of the world after original sin. The second term “antidoxology” is present in the writings of Brian Brock who is an Anglican theologian. Despite the fact that these two terms have denominationally diversified background, they try to express a common idea: Adam and Eva were called to show gratitude for the received reality but they rejected the fundamental vocation of their existence.
PL
Wśród różnych ujęć grzechu pierworodnego można odnaleźć i takie, których osią jest radykalna negacja powołania do wdzięczności za dobro, którym człowiek został obdarzony w akcie stworzenia. W tym kluczu charakter nowej egzystencji człowieka może być ujęty jako nieeucharystyczny lub antydoksologiczny. Niniejszy tekst podejmuje próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaka treść kryje się pod tymi określeniami.
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