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EN
The article analyzes the system of methods of socio-educational work of boarding institutions of Ukraine in the first half of the XX century. The organization of social and educational work with orphans and children left without parental care was considered. There are examples of methods of socialization of pupils in boarding institutions. It is found out that socio-educational work in the boarding institutions required constant monitoring. To the group of control and analysis of the efficiency of education methods the author refers: accounting, monitoring, report, analysis, analysis of the community service, etc. The analysis of archival materials shows that the method of accounting was used as a prerequisite for further improvement and deepening of the work undertaken by the inmates of the boarding institutions. In “Temporary regulations on child institutions” there was the section “Accounting of the work of kindergartens”, in which it was said that at all child care institutions is carried out daily accounting work, but at the end of each term, institutions can organize public report of the work done, aiming to identify achievements of children’s institutions in the internal organization, relations with society, as well as the abilities and skills of children. Accounting took the form of an exhibition of children’s works, children’s matinees or evenings, performances or a combination of these forms, with reports of children and the meeting of the Board on the work done. The method of observation was accompanied by various forms of socio-educational activities of boarding establishments of the study period. This method involved the definition of the topic of observation, object, subject, tasks. The information obtained was recorded in a notebook of the observations for further use in other forms (conferences, exhibitions, reports and the like). This method contributed to the development in children the skills of observation, curiosity, attentiveness and the like. Especially valuable, in author’s opinion, in conditions of boarding institutions, was the method of analysis of the results of socially useful work. The results of socially useful work of the pupils were recorded in the records of the team, group or individual entries in the diary. The special role played the organization of final fairs of produced products.
EN
Among the goals of the Society of St Francis of Sales there is no mention about reconstruction and renovation of historical monuments of sacred art. The religious congregation “transplanted” from Italy (1892, 1898) had no time and no resources to construct new buildings for its educational activity among young men. This is why Salesians were taking over ruined and empty monasteries with churches that were offered them. The religious men, while preparing the premises for educational purposes were, at the same time, saving the remnants of material culture and preserving them for future generations. In the years 1898-1936 nine historical monuments served as a material basis for the pastoral activity conducted by them. Those included historical buildings in: Oświęcim, Różanystok, Ląd, Czerwińsk, Lutomiersk, Poznan, Lublin, Vilnius and Supraśl.
PL
Wśród celów Towarzystwa św. Franciszka Salezego brak jest wzmianek o odbudowie i renowacji zabytków sztuki sakralnej. Zgromadzenie zakonne „przeszczepione” z Włoch (1892, 1898), nie miało czasu i zaplecza materialnego na wznoszenie nowych gmachów na prowadzenie działalności dydaktyczno-wychowawczej wśród młodzieży męskiej. Dlatego z konieczności salezjanie przyjmowali ofiarowane im zrujnowane i ogołocone klasztory z kościołami. Zakonnicy przygotowując pomieszczenia, jednocześnie ratowali pozostałości kultury materialnej i przechowywali ją dla przyszłych pokoleń. W latach 1898-1936 za podstawę realizacji posłannictwa młodzieżowego służyło dziewięć zabytkowych obiektów w: Oświęcimiu, Różanymstoku, Lądzie, Czerwińsku, Lutomiersku, Poznaniu, Lublinie, Wilnie i Supraślu.
PL
W Polsce jest około 100 000 dzieci, które na mocy orzeczenia sądu trafiły do placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych. Swoiste warunki, w jakich żyją dzieci z domów dziecka, wpływają na ich zdrowie – przede wszystkim w wymiarze psychicznym i społecznym. Placówki podejmują wiele działań nakierowanych na zaspokojenie indywidualnych potrzeb wychowanka. Starają się stworzyć dziecku warunki maksymalnie zbliżone do domowych. Stan umysłu i percepcji dziecka jest zależny od wieku, w którym zostało zabrane do placówki, przeżytych traumatycznych wydarzeń oraz przebiegu procesu oderwania dziecka od rodziny. Pod wpływem złych emocji i buntu u dzieci rodzą się zachowania patologiczne: picie alkoholu, kradzieże, przemoc wobec innych. Dlatego bardzo ważna jest profilaktyka, którą można definiować jako ogół działań zapobiegających niepożądanym zjawiskom w rozwoju i zachowaniu ludzi. Przyczynami zachowań patologicznych są również złe warunki socjalizacji dzieci z rozbitych rodzin. Dziecko, które doświadcza przemocy ze strony rodzica, nie potrafi stworzyć więzi z innymi ludźmi. Placówki opiekuńczo-wychowawcze powinny zwrócić szczególną uwagę na programy resocjalizacji młodzieży, aby zapobiegać zachowaniom patologicznym, ograniczać je lub całkowicie wykluczać. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki uwarunkowań zdrowia i chorób dzieci wychowujących się w domach dziecka oraz zwrócenie uwagi na wagę tego zagadnienia.
EN
In Poland there is 100 thousand children who were sent to care facilities by the court. Specific conditions in which children from orphanages live have an impact on the determinants of their health. Facilities have many different activities related to the individual needs of the pupil. They try to create the conditions for a child that are close to home. State of mind and perception of the child is dependent on the age at which they are taken into the facility, from the traumatic experience and the process of detachment from their family. Under the influence of negative emotions and rebellion many children develop pathological behavior: drinking alcohol, theft and violence. For this reason, prevention is very important. Prevention can be defined as a set of actions which are taken to prevent undesirable phenomena in the development and behavior of people. The causes of pathological behaviors are also bad conditions of socialization of children from the broken families. A child who is experiencing violence from a parent can’t create relationships with other people. Care facilities should pay particular attention to youth rehabilitation programs to prevent, stop, or completely eliminate pathological behavior. The purpose of this article is to present determinants of health and disease of children who are growing up in orphanages and to highlight the essence of this matter.
EN
The aim of this article is to show the influence of Makarenko’s conception of upbringing on the reorganising of the orphan care system in the PRL. A valuable source of information on the subject are pedagogical periodicals, which enable us to reconstruct the degree to which Makarenko’s views were implemented and determine which of his ways and methods of upbringing caught on in Polish orphanages. The author also raises the question of how the collective upbringing system could be an inspiration for educators today.
EN
This study examined the efforts to provide vocational training programmes for abused, orphaned, and destitute children in the capital of Rajasthan. The presented results are the effect of the larger project on illiteracy conducted by the author in India in 20121. Harmful traditional practices like child labour, child marriage, the caste system, discrimination against girl children impact negatively on children and increase their vulnerability to abuse and neglect. I-India is a fully registered, nonprofit, non-governmental organisation. It was established in 1993 and employs a staff of eighty dedicated local people. I-India’s main activities are the provision of: an information/advice help-line for children in need, repatriation of children to their families, temporary and permanent homes, medical care and sanitation, nutrition, emotional support from trained staff, education, vocational training, awareness, and advocacy.
EN
During the post-October thaw, new topics appeared in the Polish press concerning the problems of the life of the society. The protagonists of the Zwierciadło reports were women hurt and mutilated by unhappy love, mothers putting their children under the protection of the state, and infanticide. Reports revealed not only women’s problems, but also showed intolerance of the environment with rigid social norms and the lack of an effective system to help single mothers.
PL
W czasie popaździernikowej odwilży w polskiej prasie pojawiły się nowe tematy, dotyczące problemów życia społeczeństwa. Bohaterkami reportaży „Zwierciadła” były kobiety skrzywdzone i okaleczone nieszczęśliwą miłością, matki oddające dzieci pod opiekę państwa, dzieciobójczynie. Reportaże ujawniały nie tylko problemy kobiet, ale też ukazywały nietolerancję środowiska o skostniałych normach obyczajowych i brak skutecznego systemu pomocy samotnym matkom.
EN
In the era of dynamic economic and, especially, industrial development of various European countries in the nineteenth century, and a broad-scale process of pauperization, the ideas of philanthropy were generally revived, which highlit the need to undertake organized care initiatives. It was at the time of the industrial revolution that various charity institutions were established. The first kindergartens called orphanages occupied a special place among them. No wonder that in one of the most important mining centers of the then Austrian monarchy such centers emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. The main subject of the following study is the history of the creation and the first two years of the Wieliczka orphanages – the urban one and the one serving the salt mine – under the Austrian partition. The appearance of this type of care and education institutions in Wieliczka is probably not, for those times, unusual and unique. However, the case of Wieliczka deserves mentioning. The singularity of the internal situation of Wieliczka is based on the fact that the inhabitants of the city could use the same offers two ways – on the part of the city or the salt mine. This work closely describes the history of creation, legal and financial base of both institutions and the cooperation and coexistence of both institutions until Poland regained its independence.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2018
|
vol. 83
|
issue 1
137-153
EN
At the beginning of the German occupation in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich all the Polish orphanages and childcare centres became administered by the German authorities. It was in accordance with the incentives included in the book prepared by the Political-Racial Bureau in November 1939 titled The question of the treatment of the population from the former Polish territories from the racial-political point of view, which recommended that racially valuable children should be exempted from resettlements and should be brought up in the Reich in special educational centres which followed the model of the House of Orphans in Potsdam. On 9 September 1939 Wejherowo was taken over by German soldiers from the 207th Infantry Division of Tiedemann, the 32nd Regiment of Grenzwache von Bothmer, the SS Battalion – Heimwehr Danzig of Major von Rittberg and the 5th Cavalry Regiment of Diener. The Wejherowo land became part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The occupying forces took over the buildings of the pre-war Centre for Social Care and the Primary School for the Deaf and Mute in Wejherowo, which are now situated at 279 Jana Sobieskiego street (at that time: Adolf-Hitler-Strasse). The buildings served as accommodation for the military units. Buildings no. 2 and no.4 along with the farm were not utilised. The German administration set up the Educational Centre called “Erziehungsanstalt Neustadt” for Polish and German boys aged 4 to 16 in the dormitory and school buildings. Polish children came from the territories of the former Pomeranian province – Bydgoszcz, Grudziądz, Toruń, Gdynia, Starogard Gdański and Kartuzy. The number of children of Polish nationality who stayed in the educational centre in Wejherowo amounted to 101 boys 9 according to the data of 31 April 1940). During their stay in the centre in Wejherowo boys were supervised by German teachers or local Kashubians. From time to time children were sent to nearby farms to help in agricultural works. In 1943 the decision was made to liquidate the centre gradually. Thirtyone boys were transported to the camp for children in Łodź in Przemysłowa street. During the evacuation of the centre some children escaped to their family homes. The remaining children were placed by the Polish authorities in childcare centres as victims of the war. Once their identity had been established, they were sent to their family homes. Orphans were placed in orphanages and childcare centres.
DE
Zu Beginn der deutschen Besatzung wurden auf den vom Dritten Reich annektierten Gebieten alle polnischen Waisenhäuser und Erziehungseinrichtungen unter deutsche Verwaltung gestellt. Dies entsprach den Richtlinien in einem Papier des Rassepolitischen Amtes aus dem November 1939 mit dem Titel „Die Behandlung der Bevölkerung in ehemaligen polnischen Gebieten aus rassepolitischer Sicht“, in der empfohlen wurde, rassisch wertvolle Kinder von Umsiedlungen auszunehmen. Sie sollten auf dem Gebiet des Reichs in entsprechenden Erziehungsanstalten erzogen werden, die sich am Vorbild des Waisenhauses in Potsdam orientierten. Am 9. September 1939 wurde Neustadt von deutschen Soldaten der 207. Infanteriedivision unter Carl von Tiedemann, dem 32. Grenzwach-Regiment unter Freiherr von Bothmer, dem SS-Bataillon Heimwehr Danzig unter Major von Rittberg und dem 5. Kavallerie-Regiment unter Oberstleutnant Diener eingenommen. Das Gebiet von Neustadt wurde dem Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen einverleibt. Die Besatzungsbehörden übernahmen die Gebäude eines Pflegeheims und einer Grundschule für Taubstumme in Neustadt, die heute in der ul. Jana Sobieskiego 279 (damals Adolf-Hitler-Straße) liegen, und bestimmten sie für die Einquartierung von Armeeabteilungen. Unbewirtschaftet blieben die Häuser mit den Nummern 2 und 4 sowie eine Landwirtschaft. Im Internat und in den Schulgebäuden eröffnete die deutsche Verwaltung eine Erziehungseinrichtung mit dem Namen „Erziehungsanstalt Neustadt“ für polnische und deutsche Jungen im Alter von 4 bis 16 Jahren. Die polnischen Kinder kamen aus dem Gebiet der ehemaligen Wojewodschaft Pommern, d. h. aus Bromberg, Graudenz, Thorn, Gdingen, Stargard, Danzig und Karthaus. Die Zahl der Kinder polnischer Nationalität in der Anstalt in Neustadt betrug nach Angaben vom 31. April 1940 101 Jungen. Während des Aufenthalts in der Anstalt in Neustadt standen die Jungen unter ständiger Aufsicht von deutschen Erziehern oder örtlichen Kaschuben. Manchmal erhielten die Kinder Urlaub und arbeiteten dann in nahegelegenen Landwirtschaftsbetrieben. 1943 wurde entschieden die Anstalt schrittweise aufzulösen. 31 Jungen wurden in ein Lager für Kinder in Lodz in der ul. Przemysłowa gebracht. Im Verlauf der Evakuierung der Anstalt flohen einige Kinder und gelangten hauptsächlich in ihre Elternhäuser. Der übrige Teil wurde nach dem Durchgang der Front von den polnischen Behörden als Kriegsopfer in Betreuungsanstalten untergebracht, von wo sie nach Feststellung ihrer Identität in ihre Elternhäuser gebracht wurden bzw. im Fall von Waisen in Betreuungsanstalten und Kinderheime.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2017
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vol. 60
|
issue 4
125-141
EN
Edmund Bojanowski became an integral part not only of the nineteenth-century history of the Catholic Church in Poland but also of contemporary reality. He left behind a rich archive of work that reflects his broad horizons and the depth of his thought, the originality and relevance (also today) of his plans and intentions that were always focused on the human being, particularly the child. He developed his pedagogical ideas, placing emphasis on the theoretical, practical and organisational foundations of the orphanages–kindergartens serving the integral development of children. This is why he established the congregation of the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate. Bojanowski’s output consists of manuscripts, notes to publications (books and articles) by other authors both contemporary to him and earlier ones. Persistent in his search, tireless in preparing extracts of what he read, he collected materials pertaining to many different fields of science and culture, including folklore studies and history. The archival collections comprise “documents” about folk religious customs, draft hagiographies, formulas and texts of prayers exemplifying folk religiousness. He recorded accounts, legends, songs. Bojanowski’s own works and the materials he collected or documented are extremely valuable sources of knowledge and an important contribution to Poland’s cultural heritage in the times when Poland was not an independent country. He was the harbinger of national sovereignty to be attained through the education and upbringing of children. The folk theology that Bojanowski knew very well and the folk piety that he practiced were not only a “theological space” to him but also a special space for bringing up children and educating youth. The pedagogical dimension of Polish folk theology and piety was manifested in the educational system developed by Bojanowski. The originality and uniqueness of folk theology and piety were a challenge to Bojanowski and the congregation he established. The children under the care of the Sisters Servants were brought up in the “patriotic spirit” inspired by Polish folk theology and piety. The goal of education was to preserve the language, cultural heritage and, consequently, the national identity. Ultimately, education was to help in the regaining of independence for Poland. There was a number of educational aspects of folk beliefs, ritual and customs. Bojanowski’s orphanages also serve an ethnological purpose, uncovering, fostering and preserving everything that was precious in the folk theology and piety. Looking at the life of the common people, Bojanowski emphasised their self-confidence rooted in the richness of religious culture and ancient customs. The orphanages were designed to be guardians of family traditions and national customs. Bojanowski’s pedagogical theory and pragmatics are a challenge to modern pedagogy. Taking actions at the intersection of pedagogy, ethnology and religion is imperative today.
PL
Edmund Bojanowski wpisał się na trwałe nie tylko w dzieje XIX w. Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, ale i w rzeczywistość współczesną. Pozostawił po sobie bogate materiały archiwalne, pozwalające poznać horyzonty i głębię jego myśli, odkryć oryginalność i aktualność (wtedy i dziś) jego planów i zamiarów, w których centrum zawsze usytuowany był drugi człowiek, najbardziej zaś dziecko. Opracował koncepcję pedagogiczną, kładąc nacisk na podstawy teoretyczne, praktyczne i organizacyjne tzw. ochron – przedszkoli, będących miejscami pracy nad wszechstronnym – integralnym rozwojem dzieci. To właśnie ze względu na tę instytucję założył Zgromadzenie Sióstr Służebniczek. Dorobek pisarski E. Bojanowskiego stanowią rękopisy, notatki z publikacji (książek, artykułów) innych autorów, zarówno jemu współczesnych oraz wcześniejszych. Wytrwały w poszukiwaniach, niestrudzony w sporządzaniu wypisów z lektur, gromadził materiały z wielu dziedzin nauki oraz kultury, w tym z zakresu folklorystyki i historii. W zbiorze archiwalnym znajdują się „dokumenty” mówiące o religijności ludowej, szkice żywotów świętych, formuły oraz teksty modlitw będące przykładem ludowej religijności. Rejestrował opowiadania, legendy, pieśni, piosnki. Zasób źródłowy E. Bojanowskiego ma wysoki walor poznawczy, rzec można – historyczny. Poprzez pracę dokumentalisty, pisarza służył on dziedzictwu kulturowemu Polski, będącej w jego czasach pod zaborami. Był heroldem suwerenności ojczyzny poprzez dzieło edukacji i wychowania dzieci. Ludowa teologia, którą E. Bojanowski znał bardzo dobrze oraz pobożność ludowa, którą praktykował była dlań nie tylko „miejscem teologicznym”, ale równocześnie swoistą przestrzenią wychowywania dzieci i w ogóle młodego pokolenia. Pedagogiczny wymiar polskiej ludowej teologii i pobożności uwyraźniał się w systemie wychowawczym opracowanym przez błogosławionego pedagoga. Oryginalność i specyfika ludowej teologii i pobożności była wyzwaniem dla E. Bojanowskiego i złożonego przez niego zgromadzenia zakonnego. Siostry Służebniczki wpajały dzieciom patriotyczny „ducha”, inspirowanego właśnie przez polską ludową teologię i pobożność. Wychowywały do polskości. Edukacja służyć miała zachowaniu języka i dziedzictwa kultury, a tym samym tożsamości narodowej. Ostatecznie zaś miała przyczynić się do odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości,. Wierzenia, obrzędy i zwyczaje ludowe ujawniały szereg wychowawczych aspektów. Edmundowe ochronki pełniły ludoznawczą misję. Pozwalały odkryć, pielęgnować i utrwalać to, co było cenne właśnie w ludowej teologii i pobożności. E. Bojanowski akcentował w życiu ludu wiejskiego poczucie własnej wartości, posadowionej i ugruntowanej na bogactwie kultury religijnej i dawnych obyczajów. Ochronki miały być „strażnicami” rodzinnej tradycji i narodowych obyczajów. Teoria i pragmatyka pedagogiczna E. Bojanowskiego stanowi wyzwanie dla współczesnej pedagogiki. Prowadzenie badań pedagogiczno-etnologiczne-religijnych jest dziś nakazem chwili.
PL
Komitet do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR funkcjonował w latach 1943–1946 r. Został powołany 30 czerwca 1943 r. w Moskwie z inicjatywy środowisk lewicowych. Komitet był opiekuńczą instytucją radziecką. Wszelkie jego działania były wzorowane na rosyjskim systemie oświatowym. Jedną z najważniejszych i najbardziej istotnych spraw w działalności Komitetu do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR była repatriacja najmłodszych obywateli polskich do ojczyzny. Zagadnienie to było przedmiotem wielu niezwykle żmudnych spotkań, zabiegów i wielogodzinnych rozmów z władzami radzieckimi. Kwestia ta należała do najtrudniejszych zadań realizowanych przez pracowników Kompoldietu. Repatriacja domów dziecka do Polski rozpoczęła się w styczniu 1946 r.
EN
The Committee for Polish Children in the USSR operated in the years 1943–1946. It was established on June 30, 1943 in Moscow following a political left-wing initiative. The Committee was a care-giving institution, fully in line with the Soviet system ideals. One of the most important matters tackled by the Committee was the repatriation of the youngest Polish citizens to their homeland. It was the subject of meetings, discussions and many hours of talks with the Soviet authorities. This issue was one of the most difficult tasks carried out by the Committee employees. The repatriation of orphanages to Poland lasted from January to August 1946.
EN
The development of hospital services in the Polish State was associated with baptism, the development of Christianity and church organization, and above all, the arrival of religious orders. In the Middle Ages, male religious orders played a huge role in charitable activities, while in modern times female congregations dealing with charity and hospital services were of great importance in that regard. As for female religious orders in the Middle Ages, the Benedictine and Cistercian nuns were the first ones who were engaged in running hospitals and charity work, although it was not their primary mission and charisma. Sometimes hospitals were also run by the Poor Clare Sisters of the Second Franciscan Order, the Magdalene Sisters, the Bridgettine Sisters, and primarily by the Beguines, loose groups of women who were close mostly to Dominican and Franciscan churches and the rules of community life, that is the Third Order. The most important congregation, however, turned out to be the Sisters Canonesses of the Holy Spirit (duchaczki in Polish), who from the beginning of the thirteenth century run, along  with the male branch of the Order, Holy Spirit hospital in Cracow, which specialized in the care of abandoned children and was the largest and the most important one in Poland until the Enlightenment. The great development of charitable female religious congregations occurred after the Council of Trent (1545-1563). Undoubtedly, the most significant of which were the Sisters of Charity (so-called szarytki in Polish) founded by St. Vincent de Paul in Paris in 1633. In Poland, they had 29 houses, where they ran hospitals, orphanages and schools for girls, including the poor. Similar activities, although at a smaller scale, were done by the Sisters of St. Catherine from Braniewo, founded in 1571 by Regina Protman. In addition, charitable activities were undertaken by the Congregation of the Virgins of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (founded in Cracow in the 1620s by Zofia Czeska), the Visitation Sisters (founded by St. Francis de Sales -1601, Geneva,) and the Mariavites founded in 1737 by Stefan Turczynowicz in Vilnius. Apart from the above mentioned orders, the work of mercy was developed, on the margins of its core mission, by most non-charitable female religious congregations existing in Poland in the period before the partitions.
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