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EN
The situation in which there are problems with the proper fulfillment of both care-related and parental duties towards the children within a family can be in some cases referred to as social orphanhood, which is a major problem that affects children. One of the forms of compensating for social orphanhood is placing a child in a foster care, whose specific type is a family-based foster care. By providing individual care and protection to the children who cannot be brought up in their natural families and through proper family functioning family foster homes are intended to assure child’s proper physical, mental and social development, as well as to increase his or her chances of having a happy and carefree childhood.
EN
The care of orphans was one of the main concerns of early modern magistrates across the whole Europe. In each country and town this care could take a completely different form, ranging from placing parentless children in asylums to assigning them to certain families. This paper deals with the problem of the orphan-care in a small town of the Great Poland region in 17th and 18th centuries, on the example of private town of Kleczew, located in the east part of the region.
EN
Recently many scholars have been interested in the problem of orphanhood. New publications are being issued which are devoted to new types of this negative – for the whole society – phenomenon. The statistics concerning orphanhood are becoming each year more and more alarming; they present an increasing nature of this phenomenon. SOS Children's Villages, alongside adoptive and foster families, provide the best conditions of bringing up orphaned children. This is due to their family character and the fact they function like natural families. The idea of SOS Children's Villages, based on the four main principles – the mother, siblings, the house and home, the village – guarantees that a whole new world is created for a child. It is a world in which the child gains a real home, a loving mum (or both parents) and siblings. SOS families who follow the foremost principles of love, respect and trust create an environment which can fully compensate for orphanhood and guarantee a proper child development.
PL
W ostatnim czasie wielu badaczy interesuje się problemem sieroctwa. Ukazały się nowe publikacje poświęcone nowym rodzajom tego negatywnego – dla całego społeczeństwa – zjawiska. Statystyki dotyczące sieroctwa z roku na rok są coraz bardziej alarmujące; ukazują narastający charakter zjawiska. Wioski Dziecięce SOS, obok rodzin adopcyjnych i zastępczych, zapewniają najlepsze warunki wychowywania dla osieroconych dzieci. Wynika to z ich rodzinnego charakteru i faktu funkcjonowania na wzór rodziny naturalnej. Idea Wiosek Dziecięcych SOS zbudowana na czterech głównych pryncypiach – matka, rodzeństwo, dom i wioska – gwarantuje, że cały nowy dom stworzony jest dla dziecka. Jest to dom, w którym dziecko zyskuje prawdziwy dom, kochającą matkę (lub oboje rodziców) i rodzeństwo. Rodziny SOS, które kierują się czołowymi zasadami miłości, szacunku i zaufania, tworzą środowisko, które może w pełni zrekompensować osierocenie i zagwarantować dziecku prawidłowy rozwój.
EN
Aim. The present study focuses on the redefi nition the concept of orphanhood with reference to loneliness felt by the child. Methods. The study used the analysis of the literature on the subject extended by the opinions of biological and substitute parents and the own observations of pupils in total and partial care facilities. Results. Redefi nition of the concept of orphanhood and an indication of the felt loneliness of children from various contemporary families. Conclusions. Orphanhood is a term that indicates the permanent or temporary separation of a child from the family of origin, i.e., biological, or social orphanhood. Contemporary analyses indicate, however, that orphanhood has become a multidimensional phenomenon and is also present in standard families. All orphanhood conditions are associated with loneliness, i.e., a child’s subjective feeling of lack of love, security, and support. Since orphanhood and loneliness of children can occur in every family, it is necessary to focus activities on support and help for those who need it most.
PL
Cel. W niniejszym opracowaniu skoncentrowano się na redefi nicji pojęcia sieroctwo, z odniesieniem do odczuwanego przez dziecko osamotnienia. Metody. W badaniu wykorzystano analizę literatury przedmiotu, poszerzoną o opinie rodziców biologicznych i zastępczych oraz własne obserwacje podopiecznych w placówkach opieki całkowitej i częściowej. Rezultaty. Redefi nicja pojęcia sieroctwa oraz wskazanie odczuwanych stanów osamotnienia przez dzieci z różnych współczesnych rodzin. Wnioski. Sieroctwo jest pojęciem wskazującym na trwałe lub czasowe odseparowanie dziecka od rodziny pochodzenia, czyli to sieroctwo biologiczne lub społeczne. Współczesne analizy wskazują jednak, że sieroctwo stało się zjawiskiem wielowymiarowym i jest obecne także w standardowych rodzinach. Ze wszystkimi stanami sieroctwa związane jest osamotnienie, czyli subiektywne odczuwanie przez dziecko braku miłości, bezpieczeństwa i wsparcia. Skoro sieroctwo i osamotnienie dzieci mogą się pojawić w każdej rodzinie, należy ukierunkować działania na wsparcie i pomoc tym, którzy jej najbardziej potrzebują.
EN
Orphanhood, regardless of its cause, is always an unusually difficult state for the child for psychological and social reasons that threaten the child's normal development and identity formation. Euro-orphanhood is a problem in the social dimension on account of its scope, diverse forms, difficulties in preventing and identifying the causes of situation and possibilities of compensation. The absence of even one of the parents hinders the educational process. Separation can cause depression, lack of the sense of security and behavioural disorders that deepen over time. Physical closeness is an essential element of building the bond with the child. No matter how hard the parents might try, phone calls and video calls over the Internet cannot replace immediate contact with the child. Tenderness, conversations, touch, hugging are extremely important activities for a normal child development. It is worthwhile to keep in mind that no money is able to compensate to the child the lack of the parent when they are most needed, when the child's personality and psyche are developing. Therefore, it is important to alert parents to the wrong they can cause their children when going abroad. It is necessary to emphasize that the child has the right to a proper upbringing. This right can best be fulfilled when the mother does not take up work outside the house, but is committed to the upbringing of children. Children in order to be able to grow up as responsible people, morally and religiously mature, which also means mentally balanced, need love and maternal and paternal affection. An important task of the school and the Church is to be with the family, to support and strengthen it in the hierarchy of values of young people. A good school is primarily a wise school, whose mission is to show young people how to be truly human. Such a school requires from the adults investment and commitment to young people. That is why in today's world, in which humanity is being destroyed, Jesus needs his people. Each of us should think about what is more important: money or man. The teacher of Nazareth will some day ask us: What did you do so that they could become valuable people?
PL
Sieroctwo niezależnie od przyczyny jego powstania jest zawsze dla dziecka stanem niezwykle trudnym pod względem psychologicznym i społecznym zagrażającym prawidłowemu rozwojowi i kształtowaniu się tożsamości. Eurosieroctwo stanowi problem w wymiarze społecznym ze względu na jego zakres, różnorodne formy występowania, trudności zapobiegania i rozpoznawania sytuacji, które je powodują oraz możliwości kompensacji. Nieobecność choćby jednego z rodziców utrudnia proces wychowawczy. Rozłąka może być przyczyną depresji, braku poczucia bezpieczeństwa, zaburzeń zachowania, które z czasem się pogłębiają. Bliskość fizyczna to niezbędny element budowania więzi z dzieckiem. Rodzice choćby jak bardzo się starali, to rozmowy telefoniczne czy video rozmowy przez Internet nie zastąpią kontaktu z dzieckiem na żywo. Czułość, rozmowy, dotyk, przytulanie to czynności niezwykle ważne dla prawidłowego rozwoju dziecka. Warto przypomnieć, że żadne pieniądze nie są w stanie zrekompensować dziecku braku rodzica wtedy, gdy jest mu najbardziej potrzebny, gdy kształtuje się jego osobowość i psychika. Dlatego ważne jest uczulanie rodziców na zło, jakie mogą wyrządzić swoim dzieciom, wyjeżdżając za granicę. Trzeba podkreślić, iż dziecko ma prawo do wychowania. Prawo to może być najlepiej urzeczywistniane wtedy, gdy matka nie podejmuje pracy poza domem, lecz zajmuje się wychowaniem. Dzieci, by mogły rozwijać się jako osoby odpowiedzialne, dojrzałe moralnie i religijnie, by mogły być zrównoważone psychicznie, potrzebują miłości oraz uczucia matczynego i ojcowskiego. Ważnym zadaniem Szkoły i Kościoła jest trwać przy rodzinie, wspomagać ją i umacniać w hierarchii wartości młodych ludzi.Dobra szkoła - to przede wszystkim mądra szkoła, której zadaniem jest ukazanie młodym ludziom jak być człowiekiem naprawdę. Szkoła wymaga inwestycji i poświęcenia dla młodego człowieka. Dlatego właśnie w dzisiejszym świecie, w którym człowieczeństwo ulega destrukcji, Jezus potrzebuje swoich ludzi. Każdy  z nas winien przemyśleć czy ważniejszy jest pieniądz czy człowiek. Kiedyś Pedagog z Nazaretu zapyta: Co zrobiłeś aby oni byli wartościowymi ludźmi?
EN
Death is an event which affect family life forcing in-depth modifications. Last twenty five years is a period when rapid mortality decline is observed in Poland what in theory should lower probability of losing family members and should postpone orphanhood or widow(er)hood. The paper is aimed at estimating – with use of data collected by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) – how a frequency of death of family members is evolving after 1990.
PL
Zgon to zdarzenie, którego wystąpienie w życiu rodziny prowadzi do modyfikacji całego życia. Ostatnie ćwierćwiecze to okres szybkiego obniżania się poziomu umieralności, co teoretycznie powinno obniżać prawdopodobieństwo utraty bliskich oraz prowadzić do późniejszego występowania sieroctwa czy owdowienia. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie – na bazie danych GUS i ZUS – w jakim stopniu po roku 1990 następuje zmiana częstości utraty osób bliskich wskutek ich zgonu.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2018
|
vol. 61
|
issue 4
259-274
EN
The transformations taking place in the contemporary family do not always have a positive influence on its functioning. Family often encounters numerous difficulties, which can lead it to dysfunctionality, or even pathology. Negative effects of the malfunctioning of the family are most strongly felt by its youngest members. Therefore, the phenomenon of broadly understood social orphanhood is becoming more and more widespread from year to year. It does not only concern the situation when children are abandoned by their parents, but also when children and adolescents, living in the family home, strongly experience the lack of parental feelings. Thus, the article attempts to draw attention to the problem of social orphanhood, which often occurs in the context of the current changes in the family environment. The article also points to the urgent need for undertaking decisive actions aimed at protecting the well-being of socially orphaned children, whose traumatic experiences take away their joy of life and prevent them from properly shaping their future.
PL
Przeobrażenia, jakie zachodzą w współczesnej rodzinie nie zawsze wywierają pozytywny wpływ na jej funkcjonowanie. Niejednokrotnie rodzina napotyka liczne trudności, które mogą doprowadzić do jej dysfunkcjonalności, a nawet patologii. Negatywne skutki złego funkcjonowania rodziny najbardziej odczuwają najmłodsi członkowie rodziny. Z roku na rok powiększa się w związku z tym zjawisko szeroko rozumianego sieroctwa społecznego. Chodzi tu nie tylko o fakt opuszczenia dzieci przez rodziców ale także o dzieci i młodzież, które pozostając w domu rodzinnym i przeżywają silnie brak uczuć rodzicielskich. W artykule podjęto zatem próbę zwrócenia uwagi na problem sieroctwa społecznego, które często pojawia się w kontekście zachodzący obecnie zmian w środowisku rodzinnym. Wskazano również na pilną potrzebę podjęcia zdecydowanych działań mających na celu pełną ochronę dobra dzieci osieroconych społecznie, którym traumatyczne doświadczenia odbierają radość życia oraz uniemożliwiają im prawidłowe kształtowanie własnej przyszłości.
EN
Emilia Kiereś is the author of fantasy novels for older children and realistic novels for younger children. The latter, targeting six-year-olds and slightly older readers, presents the main characters overcoming their troubles with the power of stories and the support of their families. Books have an important place in the world depicted in the novels under discussion, but they are not the only source of encouragement or the means to solve problems. Children acquire their knowledge primarily from conversations with their loved ones. It is from them that they learn responsibility and independence in their relationships. It is the trust that caregivers place in their youngest protagonists that is conducive to their development. Emilia Kiereś's novels teach empathy, kindness, and help to overcome shyness. They provide an excellent inspiration for conversations with children and can be treated as psychoeducational readings.
PL
Emilia Kiereś jest autorką powieści fantasy dla dzieci starszych i powieści realistycznych dla dzieci młodszych. Te ostatnie, adresowane do sześciolatków i nieco starszych czytelników, ukazują głównych bohaterów pokonujących kłopoty dzięki sile opowieści i wsparciu rodziny. W świecie przedstawionym omawianych powieści książki zajmują ważne miejsce, ale to nie one są źródłem pokrzepiania czy środkiem do rozwiązania problemów. Dzieci czerpią wiedzę przede wszystkim z rozmów z bliskimi. W relacjach z nimi uczą się odpowiedzialności i samodzielności. Zaufanie, jakim opiekunowie darzą najmłodszych bohaterów, sprzyja ich rozwojowi. Powieści Emilii Kiereś uczą empatii, życzliwości i pomagają przełamywać nieśmiałość. Są doskonałą inspiracją do rozmów z dzieckiem i mogą być traktowane jako lektury psychoedukacyjne.
PL
Koncepcją przedłożonego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie roli podejścia zintegrowanego w badaniach nad sieroctwem jako swoistego paradygmatu badań w tym obszarze. W pierwszej części opracowania przedstawiona została krótka analiza założeń i tradycji metody monograficznej, jej znaczenia w badaniach na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, w popularyzacji której znacząca rolę odegrali minn. amerykańscy socjologowie z Chicagowskiej Szkoły (Frederic Trasher, L. Wirth, W. Zorbaugh inni). W opracowaniu odwołuję się do własnych badań przeprowadzonych w 6 domach dziecka województwa świętokrzyskiego w 2008 r., próbując pokazać ich aspekty w kontekście zintegrowanego podejścia w trzech jego wariantach: pluralistycznym, interdyscyplinarnym i transwersalnym. Pierwszy wariant uwzględniający różne dyscypliny w badaniach empirycznych bez wypracowania wspólnego obszaru (pola) analizy odnieść można do różnych kategorii sieroctwa, które może być analizowane z punktu widzenia pedagogicznego, psychologicznego, socjologicznego (każdy bada inne uwarunkowania i skutki). Drugi wariant zakłada także uwzględnienie wielu podejść, lecz z wypracowaniem wspólnych narzędzi, środków działania, np. problem reintegracji wychowanków , wymagający uczestniczenia wielu specjalistów, którzy powinni wypracować wspólny kierunek działań. Trzeci wariant - transwersalne podejście zakłada meta teoretyczny i metametodologiczny kontekst. W tym podejściu ujmuje się zjawisko całościowo w trzech wymiarach” „z zewnątrz”, „od wewnątrz”, „nad nim” (z pewnego oddalenia). Propozycją tego typu analizy może być opracowanie konkretnego modelu badań, w którym zakładać można np., analizę jednostkowych losów wychowanków ( wymiar „z zewnątrz”), analizę historyczną i procesu zmian kategorii sieroctwa (wymiar „nad”- z pewnego oddalenia), lub analizy uwarunkowań pracy danej placówki w celu usamodzielnienia dzieci ( wymiar „od wewnątrz”) . Taka propozycję przedstawiam w końcowej części opracowania w formie modelu integralnych działań podmiotów uczestniczących w procesie usamodzielnienia wychowanków domu dziecka.
EN
The idea of this article is to present the role of integrated appointment in orphanhood research. In the first part of the article was presented the foundations and tradition of monograph method at the break XIX and XX century. Popularization of this method was thank to many scientists, among, all Frederic Trashner, l. Wirth, W. Zborough and the others American sociologists focused at Chicago School. In my elaboration I refer to my own research effected in six orphanges in świętokrzyski region in 2008 year, trying to show their aspects in context of integrated appointment, in it’s three variants: pluralistic, interdisciplinary, transversal. First variant refers to many disciplines in research without elaboration common research area, for example the analysis different categories of orphanhood, which may be analyzed by educators, psychologists, sociologists, by their poins of view. Second variant also refers to many disciplines, but with elaboration common tools, means of activity, for example reintegration problems of orphans, depending on participation some specialists, who must elaborate common direct of activity. Third variant –transversal refers to metatheoretical and metamethodological context. This attitude refers to analyze the whole problem in three variants: “out’, “inside”, “above” –in a distance). The proposition of this type of analysis may be, for example, creation of concrete research model, which might include, , investigation an individual fates of orphans (“out” variant), historical analysis- the process of changing orphanhood categories (variant “above”), or the analysis factors of activity concrete care institutions (variant “inside”). Such proposition was presented in the final part of the article – graphic form of integral activity the subjects participating in the process of becoming independent orphange pupils.
EN
The study contains the results of an empirical research carried out in Poland devoted to the macro- and microsocial conditions of family orphanhood. In the first stage (1978), 97% of the population of all children’s homes, inhabited at the time of the study by 24,000 persons, were examined, and in the second stage (1980), 2.1% of this population were examined (520 persons, which made the sample representative of the country).                 The notion of family orphanhood was introduced in the study to describe the situation of children who are under care of State institutions due to the lack of care in their own families. The notion of social orphanhood is thus limited - in this formulation - to the situation when the State, in spite of negligence of basic parental duties by the parents, has not yet taken over the care of the child.                 The extent of social orphanhood in Poland is rated at approximately 10% of the population of children and young people aged 0-17. The extent of family orphanhood is rated at approximately 5 promile in the age group 4-18. The growth of family orphanhood shows the triple increase of the phenomenon during the last 20 years.                 At the time of the study, 58% of family orphans were in State; children's homes. From the point of view of the research tasks, this group of children and young persons was considered the most representative, as the principles of placing children under other forms of care (that is, for instance, foster homes, family children's homes, centres for school education and special educational institutions for socially maladjusted children and young people) are based on particular criteria of selection.                 Below a summary of the results of the study is presented. The greatest intensity of family orphanhood and crime can be found in the western and northern regions of Poland. As revealed by the statistical analysis, the intensity of these phenomena in various parts of the country is significantly correlated. Their joint source are the by-products of social changes. In the social conditions promoting the phenomenon of anomy, the group patterns of deviant behavior may reach broader social circles; the tendency to perceive that behavior as contradictory to the norms diminishes then. This tendency concerns criminal behavior to a much greater extent than the behavior from which the family orphanhood results. Thus the growth of social orphanhood measured indirectly (for instance, by the rate of care and protection cases in courts), seems to be more diagnostic as a ratio of increase of pathogenic social phenomena than as an index of reported crime. The growth of pathogenic social phenomena can be studied indirectly by means of a structure analysis of attributes of the population selected in a particular way. The structure of particular attributes of the population of institutions for children and juveniles varies significantly according to the intensity of the pathogenic social  phenomena in different parts of the country. In the voivodships where this intensity is greater, a higher percentage of children under psychiatric care or those whose parents have been deprived of their parental rights, is to be found significantly more frequently; the distributions of frequency in the separate age groups are random in the examined population. In the voivodships where the ratio of pathogenic social phenomena is lower, the most numerous age group is that of 13-15, which means that - more often than in the remaining voivodships - the important reason for sending children to institutions are their educational problems connected with puberty, and not a generally worse situation of the families which would cause sending children to institutions regardless of their age. On the microsocial scale, the main cause of family orphanhood is the disorganization of the family related to the individual and social characteristics of the parents. Taking into account the level of disorders in the social behavior and that of disturbances in emotional relations between the members of the family, 4 categories of families were distinguished in the population examined. The majority are the families disturbed both in their social functions and in emotional relations; there were as many as 78.2% of them among 5200 families. The families which, however undisturbed, were educationally inefficient for other objective reasons (financial problems, housing problems, illness, disability, death of one parent were 7.1% of the cases. There were also 8.5% of the families with only emotional relations disturbed, and 6.3% of those with only social behavior disturbed. Thus the majority, that is, as much as 84.5% of the children were brought up in criminogenic environment. 75.3% of fathers and 55% of mothers were regularly drinking excessively; alcoholism was found in 55.6% of fathers and 19.6% of mothers; 66.6% of the mothers’ friends who lived together with the family were heavy drinkers. The high percentage of drinking  mothers in those families should be noted.                 Lack of a permanent employment was found among 27.6% of fathers and 41% of mothers. Due to their alcoholism and poor professional training, a considerable part of the children's guardians found it difficult to obtain and keep a job.                 Until the time of the study, 15% of fathers and 6% of mothers had already been imprisioned; no reliable information was gathered as to their previous criminal records.                 Professional prostitution was found among 12% of mothers, while sexual promiscuity among as many as 40%.                 The instability of emotional bonds is a striking feature of the families examined. Only 1/3 of the parents are married. In 53% of the cases, the parents admittedly live together, but one of them is temporarily absent due to imprisonment or stay in a mental hospital, which are the most frequent reasons.                 73% of the families live in very difficult financial conditions, 61% have serious housing problems.                 A very poor state of health (serious chronic diseases) was found in 18% of fathers and 23% of mothers. Health and physical development of children and youths in children’s homes are distinctly worse than the average in the country. Their height in 49,3% of the cases does not reach the age norm, the respective percentage in the case of weight being 42%. A half of the children had suffered from serious diseases, as shown by 48.6% of the cases of hospitalization. In as much as 17% of the children the past or present diseases are connected with damages of the central nervous system or with functional changes which reflect on their mental functions (cerebral concussion, epilepsy, acute neuroses). 17% of the ailments and diseases are immediately related to grave neglect (untreated advanced form of tuberculosis, effects of accidents). Congenital defects are found in 5% of cases. In the group of family orphans, the types of mental deficiency and personality disorders which impede the normal social functions can be found more frequently than in the entire population of children and young people.                 Only 56% of the children came within the limits of the normal intelligence level. The symptoms of nervousness - more or less intense - were observed among as many as 90% of them. There were only 13% of the children without any disturbances of behavior (that is, inhibition, increased kinetic restlessness, timidity, emotional sensitivity, aggressiveness etc.).                 Developmental deficiencies were found in as many as 84% of the children; the most frequent were those in the sphere of the development of visual (34.5%) and auditory (22.3%) functions, the least frequent were the disturbances of speech (13.8%). Deviant behavior is more frequent among the concerned population than in the entire population of children and youths in respective age groups. The following three types of behavior proving the threat of demoralization were found: behavior connected with school maladjustment, with environmental maladjustment against the background of defective emotional relations (excluding the one based on emotional disorders of the passive type, like inhibition, timidity, etc.) and delinquent behavior or that pointing to disturbed socialization. The most frequent are the types of behavior revealing school, maladjustment (41.4%), those revealing distrubances of emotional relations (28%), and the least frequent are types of behavior of deliquent character or pointing to disturbed socialization.                 It is worthy of notice that the intensity of behavior of the first and third types markedly decreases in the children’s homes, while in the case: of the second type, that is of behavior revealing disturbances of the emotional sphere, the decrease is much less visible. In the conditions of the children’s home the emotional compensation, which is an important problem, is difficult to solve.
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