Search results

1

Ius Valachicum w Polsce średniowiecznej. Część II. Osadnictwo wołoskie na ziemiach chełmskiej i lubelskiej w tekstach źródłowych przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie

100%

Jawor G.

Res Historica

|

2015

|

issue 40

EN

The source texts contained in the current edition, collected from different archive units from State Archives in Lublin, are the continuation of the text published in the renowned Romanian journal “Istros” in 2014. The areas of Chełm and Lublin region were not intensively colonised by Walachian settlement at the turn of the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern times. It was used only in those areas which could not be colonized by regular farmers due to natural conditions, or when particular owners of farming villages strove to enrich their current agricultural profile with the breeding aspect, which took place through settling particular Walachian families. Thus, the significance of this period in the times of Walachian colonization was not to be found in its spread, the number of colonists or the villages inhabited by them. Instead, it is notable that those few Walachian settlements indicate the northern borderline of this colonising movement on the border of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia. Interestingly, the occurrence of villages which are 300 kilometers away from mountain areas, and which used Ius Valachicum, seems to contradict the established notion of Walachian settlement taking place only in the mountains and their neighbouring areas.

PL

Umieszczone w edycji teksty źródłowe, zawarte w różnych jednostkach archiwalnych przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie, stanowią kontynuację publikacji, która ukazała się drukiem w roku 2014 na łamach uznanego czasopisma rumuńskiego „Istros”. Obszary ziem chełmskiej i lubelskiej na przełomie średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych nie były intensywnie kolonizowane przez żywioł wołoski. Osadnictwo takie występowało tylko na terenach, które ze względów naturalnych nie mogły zostać skolonizowane przez typowych rolników, albo też poszczególni właściciele wsi rolniczych zabiegali o wzbogacenie ich dotychczasowego profilu gospodarczego o wątek hodowlany, co następowało poprzez osadzanie pojedynczych rodzin wołoskich. Znaczenia tego obszaru w dziejach kolonizacji wołoskiej nie należy więc doszukiwać się w jej rozprzestrzenieniu, liczonym ilością kolonistów czy zamieszkiwanych przez nich osad wiejskich. Polega ono raczej na tym, że nieliczne osady wołoskie wyznaczają północny zasięg tego nurtu kolonizacyjnego na skraju Małopolski i Rusi Czerwonej. Odległe często o około 300 km od obszarów górskich wsie posługujące się Ius Valachicum zdają się przeczyć wciąż aktualnemu w literaturze przedmiotu jego postrzeganiu jako nurtu obejmującego wyłącznie góry i ich bezpośrednie zaplecze.

2

Obszar zamieszkiwania, status prawny i kierunki aktywności gospodarczej Wołochów/Vlachów w średniowieczu i epoce wczesnonowożytnej

100%

Czamańska I.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

|

2021

|

vol. 28

|

issue 1

7-34

EN

This article is devoted to the scope of Vlach settlement, Vlach law and its functioning, as well as the socio-economic role of the Vlachs in Central European and Balkan areas. The source material at our disposal does not allow us to define any clear direction for the expansion of the Vlachs as an ethnos, especially since it evolved very quickly in some areas, but undoubtedly, when the Vlachs appear in the sources, their presence is possible to be traced from the Chalkidiki Peninsula to the Carpathians. By observing the functioning of the Vlach law, we can observe a similar development in the entire territory where it was applied, including the countries of Western European and Byzantine-Orthodox tradition, or the Ottoman Empire. Also the evolution of this law was similar and occurred at a similar time. We can observe the following stages of this evolution:1. till 14th century: shaping the social and self-government system of Vlach communities2. 14th –16th centuries: settlement processes and intensive colonization under the Vlach law3. 16th –18th centuries: taking up agricultural activities by some Vlachs and their loss of the Vlach law4. 15th –18th centuries: using the principles of Vlach law to build the legal status of Military Borderlands5. 14th –18th centuries: accession of knez, voivodes and primićurs to the nobility or the timariot classVlachs, despite their seemingly primitive way of life and management, played an important civilizational role, enabling the economic use of hard-to-reach and dangerous areas.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony będzie kwestii zasięgu osadnictwa wołoskiego, prawa wołoskiego i jego funkcjonowania oraz społeczno-gospodarczej roli środkowoeuropejskich i bałkańskich Vlachów. Materiał źródłowy, jakim dysponujemy, nie pozwala nam wytyczyć jakiegoś wyraźnego kierunku ekspansji Wołochów jako etnosu, zwłaszcza że na niektórych terenach ewoluował on bardzo szybko, niewątpliwie jednak w momencie, gdy w źródłach się pojawiają, widoczni są od Półwyspu Chalkidiki po Karpaty. Obserwując funkcjonowanie prawa wołoskiego możemy zaobserwować podobny jego rozwój na całym terenie, na którym było ono stosowane, niezależnie od tego, czy były to państwa o tradycji zachodnioeuropejskiej, bizantyńsko-prawosławnej, czy Imperium Osmańskie. Także ewolucja tego prawa przebiegała podobnie i w podobnym czasie. Możemy zaobserwować następujące etapy tej ewolucji: 1. do XIV wieku kształtowanie się systemu społecznego i samorządowego wspólnot wołoskich 2. wiek XIV–XVI: procesy osadnicze i intensywna kolonizacja na prawie wołoskim 3. wiek XVI–XVIII: podejmowanie przez część Vlachów zajęć rolniczych i utrata przez nich prawa wołoskiego 4. wiek XV–XVIII: wykorzystanie zasad prawa wołoskiego do budowy statusu prawnego Pograniczy Wojskowych 5. wiek XIV–XVIII: przechodzenie knezów, wojewodów i primićurów do stanu szlacheckiego lub warstwy timariotów. Wołosi, mimo pozornie prymitywnego sposobu życia i gospodarowania odegrali ważną rolę cywilizacyjną, umożliwiając wykorzystanie gospodarcze trudno dostępnych i niebezpiecznych terenów.

3

Wołosi/Vlasi z terenów Hercegowiny w świetle defterów osmańskich z XV i XVI wieku

61%

Czamańska I.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

|

2018

|

vol. 25

219-249

EN

Defter's are an excellent source for historians, especially in demographic and socio-economic research, they are also very useful in researching the Vlachian communities. Analysis of material contained in Ottoman defter's from the Herzegovina area leads to the following conclusions: 1. In the area of Herzegovina, in the second half of the fifteenth century, Vlachs lived in a mostly nomadic lifestyle. Their number was at least sixty thousand people. 2. In the second half of the fifteenth century, many abandoned villages were recorded. Abandoned villages were gradually settled by migratory Vlachs, which contributed to their change of lifestyle on semi-settled and settled. In 1585, Vlachs - shepherds who were not associated with a village were rare. 3. In the Ottoman state, Vlachs those who lead an nomadic way of living, as well as those living in the Vlachian villages, were tax-favored, paid only a lump grazing tax for the state (a filuria with allowances), and did not pay any benefits to the timar owner. In the event that they served as derbenci's or vojnuc's, they were exempted from all taxes. 4. Settling in the former agricultural villages, in particular related to undertaking agricultural activities, was most often associated with an additional burden of tithing for the sipahi. Departure from pastoralism meant degradation to a group of raya, most often in these villages mixed-agricultural-pastoral management was conducted. Newly settled villages rarely received the status of the vlachian villages, because such status freed residents from additional benefits even in the case of agricultural classes. 5. The flat-rate grazing tax, filuria, in the fifteenth century had a fixed value and equaled 45 akçe, while at the end of the sixteenth century it was different for various Vlachs groups and could range from 60 to 200 akçe. Considering the fact that additional fees for sheep or tents were liquidated and that the value of employment fell akçe significantly compared to the fifteenth century, the real amount of taxes did not increase, and in some cases it decreased. 6. Not much on the basis of defilers can be said about the language used by the Herzegovina Vlachs. In defeats from the fifteenth century they bear mostly Slavic names, but sometimes there are also names only in the Vlachs: Radu, Bratul, Dabija, the same also applies to local names. 7. Gradually, Islamization processes took place. In the fifteenth century, they are almost invisible among the Vlachs, almost all of them wore Christian names. At the end of the sixteenth century, a significant percentage of Vlachs wore Muslim names. The Islamization process seems to be faster among the Vlachs settled than the Vlachs nomads, but there is no rule.8. In the light of the defters in the area of Herzegovina, there is no difference between Muslims and non-Muslims in burdens to the state, but defters do not include the cizye, or headship, collected from non-Muslims.

PL

Defter's are an excellent source for historians, especially in demographic and socio-economic research, they are also very useful in researching the Vlachian communities. Analysis of material contained in Ottoman defter's from the Herzegovina area leads to the following conclusions: 1. In the area of Herzegovina, in the second half of the fifteenth century, Vlachs lived in a mostly nomadic lifestyle. Their number was at least sixty thousand people. 2. In the second half of the fifteenth century, many abandoned villages were recorded. Abandoned villages were gradually settled by migratory Vlachs, which contributed to their change of lifestyle on semi-settled and settled. In 1585, Vlachs - shepherds who were not associated with a village were rare. 3. In the Ottoman state, Vlachs those who lead an nomadic way of living, as well as those living in the Vlachian villages, were tax-favored, paid only a lump grazing tax for the state (a filuria with allowances), and did not pay any benefits to the timar owner. In the event that they served as derbenci's or vojnuc's, they were exempted from all taxes. 4. Settling in the former agricultural villages, in particular related to undertaking agricultural activities, was most often associated with an additional burden of tithing for the sipahi. Departure from pastoralism meant degradation to a group of raya, most often in these villages mixed-agricultural-pastoral management was conducted. Newly settled villages rarely received the status of the vlachian villages, because such status freed residents from additional benefits even in the case of agricultural classes. 5. The flat-rate grazing tax, filuria, in the fifteenth century had a fixed value and equaled 45 akçe, while at the end of the sixteenth century it was different for various Vlachs groups and could range from 60 to 200 akçe. Considering the fact that additional fees for sheep or tents were liquidated and that the value of employment fell akçe significantly compared to the fifteenth century, the real amount of taxes did not increase, and in some cases it decreased. 6. Not much on the basis of defilers can be said about the language used by the Herzegovina Vlachs. In defeats from the fifteenth century they bear mostly Slavic names, but sometimes there are also names only in the Vlachs: Radu, Bratul, Dabija, the same also applies to local names. 7. Gradually, Islamization processes took place. In the fifteenth century, they are almost invisible among the Vlachs, almost all of them wore Christian names. At the end of the sixteenth century, a significant percentage of Vlachs wore Muslim names. The Islamization process seems to be faster among the Vlachs settled than the Vlachs nomads, but there is no rule.8. In the light of the defters in the area of Herzegovina, there is no difference between Muslims and non-Muslims in burdens to the state, but defters do not include the cizye, or headship, collected from non-Muslims.

Refine search results

2 Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

1 Res Historica

1 2021

1 2018

1 2015

2 Czamańska I.

1 Jawor G.

Ius Valachicum w Polsce średniowiecznej. Część II. Osadnictwo wołoskie na ziemiach chełmskiej i lubelskiej w tekstach źródłowych przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie

Obszar zamieszkiwania, status prawny i kierunki aktywności gospodarczej Wołochów/Vlachów w średniowieczu i epoce wczesnonowożytnej

Wołosi/Vlasi z terenów Hercegowiny w świetle defterów osmańskich z XV i XVI wieku